3.3.1- Intro to Organic Chemistry (PAPER 2)
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What does IUPAC stand for?
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) This allows us to name organic compounds
What is the empirical formula?
The simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound. Eg- ethene is C2H4 but empirical is CH2
What is the molecular formula?
The actual number of atoms of each element in a compound. Or the number of moles of each element in 1 mole of a compound. Eg- butane molecular= C4H10, empirical= C2H5
What is the general formula?
The simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series.
What is the general formula for alkanes?
CnH2n+2 n= number of C atoms
What is the general formula for alkenes and cyclic alkenes?
CnH2n n= number of C atoms
What is the structural formula?
Shows the arrangement of atoms and the bonds between them if necessary- does not show all the bonds. Brackets can show longer chains or branches. Eg- C4H10= CH3CH2CH2CH3 OR CH3(CH2)2CH3
What is the displayed formula?
Shows the arrangement of ALL atoms in a molecule and ALL bonds between them Eg- draw displayed formula for hexane- C6H14
What is the skeletal formula?
A ‘stick-like’ drawing that shows the bonds between carbon atoms only. Each ‘corner’ is a carbon atom! Functional groups are shown, hydrogen and carbon atoms not shown. Eg- draw the skeletal formula for C6H14
What are the characteristics of a homologous series?
A group of organic compounds ALL containing the same functional group. Molecules from the same homologous series: * Have similar chemical properties. * Show a gradual change in physical properties. * Can be represented by a general formula as they differ from one another by a -CH2
What is the suffix for alkanes and example of CH3CH2CH2CH3
suffix= -ane at the end eg- butane
What is the prefix for branched alkanes and example of CH3CH(CH3)CH3
prefix= alkyl- at the beginning eg- 2-methylpropane
What is the suffix for alkenes and example of CH3CH=CH2
suffix= -ene at the end eg propene
What is the suffix for alcohols and example of CH3CH2OH another example C4H10O
suffix= -ol at the end eg- ethanol another example= butan-1-ol: O attached to C, H attached to O
What is the suffix for aldehydes and example of CH3CH2CHO
suffix= -al at the end eg- propanal DOUBLE BOND BETWEEN LAST C AND O
What is the suffix for ketones and example of CH3COCH3
suffix= -one eg- propanone DOUBLE BOND BETWEEN MIDDLE C AND O: in-between alkyl group on left and right side.
What is the suffix for carboxylic acids and example CH3CH2CH2COOH
suffix= -oic acid eg- butanoic acid DOUBLE BOND BETWEEN LAST C AND O, C SINGLE BOND TO ANOTHER O AND H BONDED TO O
What is the prefix for halogenoalkanes and example CH3CH2Br?
prefix= fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, iodo- eg- bromoethane
What is the prefix/ suffix for cycloalkanes and example C5H10?
cyclo-……-ane eg- cyclopentane (5C)
What are the IUPAC rules for nomenclature (naming) ?
1) Count the number of C atoms in the longest unbranched continuous chain- can go up or down as long as it is still C-C. If C atoms form a ring, use cyclo- in front of stem. 2)Identify any branches/ functional groups or double bonds. 3) Count from the end that gives the lowest number to the functional group/double bond. 4) If the same groups appear more than once, give them a prefix: 2=di, 3=tri, 4= tetra 5) Groups/ branches are arranged alphabetically: eg ethyl before methyl
What is the order of importance for functional groups from highest to lowest?
• -COOH (oic acid) * -CHO (aldehyde) -C=O (ketone) -OH (alcohol) -triple bond -double bond -Cl, -Br, -F, -I (halogenalkanes) -CH3, -C2H5, -C3H7, -C4H9 (alkyl groups)
What do commas and dashes separate?
Commas separate numbers, dashes separate letters from numbers
Order of naming?
name stem- alkyl group prefix 1 meth- methyl= CH3 2 eth- ethyl= C2H5 3 prop- propyl= C3H7 4 but- butyl= C4H9 5 pent- pentyl= C5H11
What does a chemical mechanism show?
The movement of electrons during a chemical reaction.