Joints
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Name the three types of joints?
• Fibrous • Cartilaginous • Synovial
State the range of movement that can occur with each type
Fibrous: bones held closely together by fibrous connective tissue. Little or no movement e.g. sutures between cranial bones Cartilaginous: allow a small amount of movement. Bones tightly connected by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage e.g. epiphysial plates, intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis Synovial Joints: Freely moving joint e.g pivot, hinge, condyloid, saddle, plane, and ball-and socket-joints
Name two types of synovial joints
• Elbow • Hip joint • Knee joint
State the function of the synovial membrane
• To produce synovial fluid
State four functions of synovial fluid
• reduces friction between the cartilages by lubricating the joint. (so prevents heat production & wearing away of joint) • Absorbs shocks • Supplies the cartilage with O2 & nutrients removes CO2 & other wastes • Contains phagocytes that remove microbes & debris
Describe two homeostatic imbalances that occur at synovial joints
Sprains Dislocations
Describe Flexion?
– A decrease in the angle between articulating bones
Describe Extension?
– An increase in the angle between articulating bones
Describe Hypertension?
• Extension beyond the anatomical position.
Describe Abduction?
• Movement of a bone away from the midline
Describe adduction?
• Movement of a bone toward the midline
Describe Circumduction?
• Movement of the distal end of a part of the body in a circle
Describe Dorsiflexion?
• Flexing the foot at the ankle
Describe Planta flexion?
• Extending the foot at the ankle
Describe Inversion?
• Medial movement of the sole of the foot.
Describe Eversion?
• Lateral movement of the sole of the foot.
Describe Pronation?
• Rotating the forearm so the palm faces posteriorly or inferiorly
Describe Supination?
• Rotating the forearm so the palm faces anteriorly or superiorly
What makes up the elbow joint?
• The elbow joint is formed by the humerus, radius and ulna
What makes up the knee joint?
• The knee joint is formed by the femur, tibia, patella.
What movements does the knee joint make?
• Flexion & extension, slight rotation
What movements are produced by a ball and socket joint?
• Flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, rotation, circumduction
Describe a ball and socket joint?
• A ball that fits into a cup-like a socket
What makes up the shoulder joint?
• The shoulder joint forms between the glenoid cavity of the scapula & the head of the humerus