C3: Structure and Bonding

Ionic bonding is when one metal and one non metal react and bond together, and they lose or gain electrons which are given/lost from each other depending on their charge

Sodium has a structure of 2,8,1 and has a positive charge. This means since its in Group 1, it will lose its outermost electron, becoming a positive ion. It then has a structure of 2,8. Flourine has a structure of 2,7 and has a negative charge. This means, since its in Group 7, it will gain the electron that the sodium lost, becoming a negative ion. It then has a structure of 2,8.

The type of bonding affects the physical properties such as melting and boiling points, solubility and electrical conductivity. There are strong electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions. Compounds with ions are ionic compounds. In an ionic compound, millions of ions are packed in a regular lattice arrangement via the electrostatic forces of attraction. Larger ionic charges produce stronger ionic bonds, so much more heat is required to break bonds in magnesium oxide than sodium chloride. As a solid, ionic compounds can’t conduct electricity due to the particle arrangement. But molten ions can break free of the lattice. They can carry charge and can move

Covalent bonding is when 2 or more non metals bond together, and they share electrons as a pair. Shared electron pairs are “covalent bonds”

The structure is two hydrogens and one oxygen. Each hydrogen will share its electron with oxygen, and oxygen will give two of its electrons to the hydrogens, one per hydrogen atom. The remaining four electrons are kept to itself

It causes the atom in a molecule to be held strongly but have weak forces between individual molecules. Thats why covalently bonded molecules have low melting and boiling points.

When most non metals form covalent bonds and molecules, forming large networks of covalent bonds

Diamond, silicon dioxide and graphite

Diamond is made up of carbon atoms and is created when carbon is put under high pressure and temperature It has a high boling point and a hard formed structure. It doesn’t conduct electricity either. Each atom is joined to four other atoms

Graphite is arranged in layers that slide over each other, which can be used as a lubricant. It is slippery and can conduct electricity. Each atom is joined to three other atoms

It uses three carbons with high melting and boiling points. Each carbon atom forms three covalent bonds. The extra electron not used for a bond is a delocalised electron, free to move around.

Metallic bonding is when two metals bond together. It is the strong force of attraction between metal ions and delocalised electrons, causing metals to have high melting and boiling points

Capability of a material to be bent and pressed out of shape without breaking or returning back to the original structure

A mixture of 2 or more elements where at least one element is a metal. Alloys have atoms of different sizes, distorting the original arrangement, making it difficult to be used as a lubricant

Electrons that form a sea of delocalised negative charge. They are also free to move and conduct electricity

Close particles together in a regular arrangement

Metals returning to the original shape after being bent or twisted by applying heat

Large chain like molecules that can extend for thousands of atoms. Sections are also repeated to create the large chain

Simple covalent bonds exist as gases or liquids at room temperature and have strong covalent bonds within molecules but weak intermolecular forces between molecules

Low melting points Low boiling points Weak intermolecular forces Cannot conduct electricity No delocalised electrons

High melting points High boiling points No intermolecular forces No delocalised electrons Lots of energy and heat is required to break the bonds. Giant covalents consist of one large molecule

Fullerenes are molecules of carbon atoms that take up hollow structures. Their structure is usually arranged in a hexagonal shape

Buckminsterfullerene C60 It is a simple molecule with a fixed shape

Catalysts Lubricants Vehicles for transporting drugs in our body as they trap molecules inside