Unit 1 - States of matter

Solid, liquid, gas

• Fixed shape and volume • Can’t be compressed

• No fixed shape - can take the shape of their container • Fixed volume • Can flow • Can’t be compressed

• No fixed shape - can take the shape of their container • Do not have fixed volume - take up volume of their container • Can flow • Can be compressed

• Have a regular arrangement • Are tightly packed - particles touch each other • Particles oscillate in fixed positions • Strong forces of attraction holding particles in place

• Irregular arrangement • Tightly packed particles touching each other • Move randomly at different speeds • Do not move far as they frequently collide with other particles • Weaker forces of attraction than solids

• Irregular arrangement • Move randomly at different speed - Faster than liquids • Very weak forces of attraction compared to solids and liquids

The temperature at which a solids changes state to a liquid

The temperature at which a liquid changes state to a gas

• Particles on the surface with the most kinetic energy escape • Occurs at any temperature • Rate increases as temperature rises

Melting

Sublimation

Freezing

Evaporation/Boiling

Deposition

Condensation

• When temperature increases, kinetic energy does and vice versa

• Vibration of particles in fixed points increases • When enough energy is inputted, particles overcome forces of attraction and move pas each other

• Particles gain energy and move faster • Particles with enough energy overcome forces of attraction and break free from the liquid

• Gas cools and energy is removed • Particles slow down • Particles eventually no longer have enough energy to overcome forces of attraction

• Liquid cools, energy removed - particles slow down • Forces of attraction pull particles into a regular arrangement

The amount of force applied to the surface of an object over a particular unit area

• At fixed temp. • When pressure is increased volume decreases (vice versa) • When pressure is decreased volume increases (vice versa)

• Temperature decreases and volume decreases • Temperature increases and volume increases • At fixed pressure