Carboxylic acids and derivatives
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What are fats and oils?
Esters of glycerol
Carboxylic acids and alcohols react, in the presence of an acid catalyst, to give esters.
Common uses of esters
solvents, plasticisers, perfumes and food flavourings
Vegetable oils and animal fats are esters of propane-1,2,3-triol (glycerol)
Glycerol can react with saturated (no double bonds) or unsaturated (at least 1 double bond) fatty acids Glycerol + fatty acid —> fats and oils Oil = type of ester
Esters can be hydrolysed in acid or alkaline conditions to form alcohols and carboxylic acids or salts of carboxylic acids.
How can soap be made? What is the byproduct?
-hydrolysis of vegetable oils and animal fats -react with NaOH -glycerol = byproduct
Define biodiesel
mixture of methyl esters of long-chain carboxylic acids
How is biodiesel produced?
reacting vegetable oils with methanol in the presence of a KOH catalyst
What makes biodiesel carbon-neutral
Carbon dioxide released is for photosynthesis
Why are oils liquid at room temperature
-unsaturated hydrocarbon chains that aren’t straight -can’t pack closely together -low VDW -low MP
Why are fats solids at room temperature
-saturated hydrocarbon chains that are straight -can pack together closer -high VDW -higher MP
How can carboxylic acids be made from acyl chlorides
Reaction with water HCl gas produced, toxic
Glycerol’s behaviour in water
Soluble