Female Reproductive System Physiology
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How is a cotyledonary placenta attached to the mother?
There is contact at multiple locations via button-like structures called placentomes
What side of the cotyledonary placenta attachments is the fetal side and which side is the maternal side?
The fetal side is the cotyledon and the maternal side is the caruncle
How is a diffuse placenta attached to the mother?
There is uniform attachment throughout the placenta and uterus
How is a zonary placenta attached to the mother?
There is a banded area of attachment
How is a discoidal placenta attached to the mother?
There is a distinct disc shaped region of attachment
What does the region of attachment in a discoidal placenta allow for?
Antibody transfer
How is puberty defined in females?
The first estrus
How is puberty defined in males?
The initiation of fertility following full development of accessory organs and testes
What does estrous mean?
It’s an adjective that means the period of time from one estrus to the next Always proceeds the word ‘cycle’
What does estrus mean?
It’s a noun that means the period of time when a female is sexually receptive to the male (in heat). It signals approaching ovulation by increasing estrogen
What are monoestrus animals and what are some examples?
Animals that have only one estrous cycle per year Some examples are foxes and bears
What are polyestrus animals and what are some examples?
Animals that have several estrous cycles per year Some examples are pigs and cattle
What are short-day breeders and what are some examples?
Short-day breeders are sexually active in the fall or winter Some examples are sheep, goats, deer, and elk
What are long-day breeders and what are some examples?
Long-day breeders are sexually active in the spring and summer One example is horses
What does the word anestrus mean?
The period of inactivity in seasonally polyestrous animals
What is oogenesis?
The formation of ova
What is the role of the ovaries in oogenesis?
Theya re the source of mature female gametes and provide hormones that support ovulation and follicular development
During oogenesis what happens to primordial germ cells?
Before birth they migrate from the yolk sac to the developing ovaries and a single layer of follicular cells surrounds them
What is the central germ cell called?
Oogonium
What happens to the oogonium before puberty?
It enlarges and begins meiosis, but it does not complete meiosis, it stops at Prophase I and waits to be resumed at puberty (doesn’t develop until ready for reproduction)
What is the oogonium known as after it stops developing at Prophase I?
Primary oocyte/primary follicle
What part of other follicles is not present in the primary follicle?
Zona pellucida (there is an exception in some species)
Oocyte vs. follicle
Oocyte is the egg cell within the follicle, follicle is the cells surrounding the oocyte
What happens when the primary follicle transitions to the secondary follicle?
The oocyte gets bigger and the surrounding follicular cells replicate