ch1 - structure and functions of body system
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approximately how many bones are in the body?
206
what does the axial skeleton consist of?
skull (cranium), vertebral column (vertebra C1 through the coccyx), ribs, and sternum
what does the appendicular skeleton include?
the shoulder (or pectoral) girdle (left and right scapula and clavicle); bones of the arms, wrists, and hands (left and right humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges); the pelvic girdle (left and right coxal or innominate bones); and the bones of the legs, ankles, and feet (left and right femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges)
what are fibrous joints and what kind of movement do they allow?
fibrous joints are e.g. sutures of the skull; they allow virtually no movement
what kind of joints are cartilaginous joints and what kind of movement do they allow?
cartilaginous joints are e.g. intervertebral disks and allow limited movement
what kind of joints are synovial joints and what kind of movement do they allow?
synovial joints are e.g. elbow and knee and they allow considerable movement
in terms of joints, what is the order of least to most movement allowed?
fibrous joints < cartilaginous joints < synovial joints
smooth hyaline cartilage covers what?
articulating bone ends
how does hyaline cartilage differ from other kinds of cartilage?
enclosed in a capsule filled with synovial fluid
how do uniaxial joints operate?
joints such as the elbow operate as hinges, essentially rotating about only one axis
joints such as the elbow are what kind of joint?
uniaxial
how is the knee improperly referred to?
often referred to as a hinge joint, but its axis of rotation actually changes throughout the joint range of motion
ankle and wrists are what kind of joints?
biaxial joints
what range of movements do biaxial joints (such as the ankle and wrist) allow?
movement about two perpendicular axes
shoulder and hip ball-and-socket are what kind of joints?
multiaxial joints
what kind of movement do multiaxial joints allow?
movement about all three perpendicular axes that define space
how are vertebrae grouped?
into 7 cervical vertebrae in the neck region; 12 thoracic vertebrae in the middle to upper back; 5 lumbar vertebrae, which make up the lower back; 5 sacral vertebrae, which are fused together and make up the rear part of the pelvis; and 3 to 5 coccygeal vertebrae, which form a kind of vestigial internal tail extending downward from the pelvis.
what does epimysium cover?
the body’s more than 430 skeletal muscles
what is the relationship of epimysium with tendons?
epimysium is contiguous with the tendons
what are tendons attached to?
tendon is attached to bone periosteum, a specialized connective tissue covering all bones
what is the diameter of muscle cells?
about 50 to 100 µm in diameter (about the diameter of a human hair)
how many fibers are in a fasciculi?
fasciculi may consist of up to 150 fibers
is endomyseum contiguous with skeletal muscle?
not quite, it is contiguous with the fiber’s membrane, or sarcolemma
what contiguity do the connective tissues (endo/peri/epi mysium) have in common?
they are all contiguous with the tendon, therefore tension developed in a muscle cell is transmitted to the tendon and the bone to which it is attached