UNIT 4A
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prokaryotes
important to the human environment (decomposers/aids/photosynthetic); used for anitbiotics+research
archaea
live in harsh conditions
eubacteria
most prokaryotes
cell wall
made of covalently linked layers of peptidoglycan
gram positive
many layers of peptidoglycan held by amino acid cross bridges (purple)
gram negative
few layers of peptidoglycan + layer of lipopolysaccharide (pink)
periplasmic space
gap between wall + membrane; active area for metabolism
endospore
resting stage to survive harsh conditions
flagella
3 protein threads + hook; used to move
pili (fimbriae)
protein threads projecting from cell surface; attach to host cell; form a pilus bridge so a plasmid can be transferred
capsule
lipid layer surrounding cell wall for protection
glycocalyx
long sticky threads/slime layer; aids in attachment (mouth)
shape
coccus (sphere), bacillus (rod), vibrio (comma), spirochete (corkscrew), spirillum (wavy ridge), coccobacilli (short rod)
pleomorphism
bacteria of the same culture can vary slightly in size/shape
arrangement
diplo (2), strepto(chain), staphlo (cluster), tetrad (4 cocci in square), sarcina (tetrad cube),
binary fission
asexual division of cell; genes in singular chromosome
plasmid
small circular DNA molecule separate from bacterial chromosome
mutation
spontaneous change in genetic information
recombination
combining DNA from 2 individuals into single genome
transformation
uptake foreign DNA from environment (transporter enzymes +protein receptors needed)
transduction
generalized (virus takes host DNA and infects new host); specialized (phage targets specific gene)
conjugation
direct transfer of plasmid that results in ability to form sex pili
F-factor
spacial DNA on plasmid for ability to form sex pili
R -plasmids
plasmids w/genes for antibiotic resistance