L2 - what is a medicine?
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what is drug absorption?
the uptake of non-metabolised drug after the release from its formulation, from the site of delivery to the systematic circulation (drug is getting across a biological membrane with exception of intravenous delivery)
what are the routes of delivery for drugs?
• oral • injections • implants (long term delivery + subcutaneous) • topical (creams and ointments) and transdermal (across skin into systemic circulation) • pulmonary (inhalation) • nasal • buccal (mouth) and sublingual (under the tongue) • ocular, otic (ear) • rectal, vaginal
types of injections
intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous (fatty tissue under skin), intradermal (into layers of skin)
what does drug absorption involve?
drug crossing a biological barrier(s)
Is there an absorption process in IV administration?
no. drug directly into blood
what is biopharmaceutics?
aim of medicines design is to get the right drug to the right place at the right dose and at the right rate. pharmaceutics optimises drug delivery
what is a drug?
active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) that is responsible for the medicines therapeutic effect
what is a medicine?
drug (API) and everything else (excipients) long list of ingredients. MASS OF DRUG ON LABEL.
what is the dosage form?
the physical form that a medicine is produced and administered, e.g tablets, creams, aerosols
what are tablets?
solid forms that are swallowed
what are capsules?
containers (gelatin) filled with medicine
what are liquids?
solutions, suspensions, emulsions
what are topicals?
creams, ointments, gels applied to skin
what are inhalers?
devices that deliver medication directly to lungs
considerations in design of dosage form?
• physiochemical properties of drug (some drugs suitable for certain dosages, but some not) • biopharmaceutical considerations (how the administration route of dosage form affects rate and extent of absorption) • therapeutic considerations (dose you want to deliver and the rate at which you want to deliver it)
time of onset of action of intravenous injections?
seconds
time of onset of intramuscular + subcutaneous injections + buccal tablets + aerosols + gases
minutes
time of onset of solutions, tablet etc (oral dosage forms)
mins to hours
time of onset of enteric coated formulations (protects it from being dissolved in stomach so dissolves in small intestine instead)
several hours
time of onset of implants and depot injections
days to weeks
time of onset of topical preparations
varies
what is a drug delivery system (DDS)?
process of administering drug to achieve a therapeutic effect. focuses on the technology used to deliver drug to target site.
what are controlled release systems?
tablets/ capsules designed to release slowly overtime
what are transdermal patches?
patches applied to skin that releases medicine over long time