Differentiation And Specialisation
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What does it mean to be specialised at something
To have a set of skills or features that make you good at something.
What are specialised cells?
Cells that have specific features that make them good at their function
How do cells become specialised?
By differentiation
What is the function of a sperm cell?
Swim in the female reproductive system with the aim of fertilising an egg.
What adaptations does a sperm cell have?
• Tail for movement • Mitochondria for energy, arranged in spiral • Nucleus containing 23 chromosomes • Acrosome contains enzymes to penetrate egg.
What is the function of a red blood cell?
Carry oxygen from the lungs to body cells
What adaptations does a red blood cell have?
• Tiny to pass through capillaries • large surface area to volume ratio to increase efficiency of oxygen diffusion (biconcave shape) • Haemoglobin to bind oxygen to transport it. • No nucleus, more space for Haemoglobin
What is the function of a muscle cell?
Link with each other so that muscles contract in unison. Cells that make up skeletal muscle physically join together during development.
What adaptations does a muscle cell have?
• protein filaments to make muscle fibres contract. • mitochondria for energy.
What is the function of a nerve cell?
Carry messages, or electrical impulses, from one part of the body to another. Brings about movement of skeleton.
What adaptations does a nerve cell have?
• extensions communicate with other nerve cells. • gap in myelin sheath: the nerve jumps from one gap to the next, making it quicker. • branches connect with a muscle.
What is the function of a root hair cell?
Help anchor the plant, and absorb water and mineral ions from the soil.
What adaptations does a root hair cell have?
• no chloroplasts • many mitochondria- provide energy for movement via active transport. • shape- large surface area • large permanent vacuole- stores water away from the cytoplasm; therefore keeps a low concentration in the cytoplasm so water moves in.
What is the function of a palisade cell?
Cells where photosynthesis takes place! Mostly found on the sunny side of a leaf but also can be in other outward facing cells.
What adaptations does a palisade cell have?
• chloroplasts contain chlorophyll which traps sunlight for photosynthesis. • placed in the top layer of the leaf.
What is the function of a xylem vessel?
Transports water from the roots to the rest of the plant.
What adaptations does a xylem vessel have?
• lignin protein on the inside of cells to keep them open under high pressure. • cells are dead and hollowed out to form a tube
What is the function of a phloem vessel?
Transports food from photosynthesis all around the plant so it can be used in respiration.
What adaptations does a phloem vessel have?
• cell walls have sieve-like holes to allow quick passage. • cells are alive but with little internal structure/organelles.
What is a stem cell?
An unspecialised cell that has the ability to duplicate and differentiate. They turn into specialised cells because different genes get turned on in different cells. Most animal stem cells differentiate at an early stage.
Where can animal stem cells be found?
In bone marrow or taken from embryos.
When are most plants able to differentiate?
Throughout their lives
Where are undifferentiated cells formed in plants?
At active regions in the plant called meristems. These are mainly in the stems, roots and shoots.
What is an embryonic stem cell?
A stem cell that can become any type of specialised cell- totipotent