Anatomical Terminology
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What is present in the anatomical position?
• Toes pointing forward • Eyes directed towards the horizon • Arms are by the side • Palms of the hands facing forward
What are the 3 main planes of the body?
Sagittal - Vertical lines dividing into left and right sides Coronal - Vertical plane dividing the body into front and back parts Transverse - Horizontal plane dividing the body into inferior and superior.
What plane and joint name joins the two bones in the skull?
Sagittal suture
Explain the meaning of the words anterior, posterior, superior, inferior, medical and lateral
Anterior - towards the front of the body Posterior - towards the back of the body Superior - Towards the head Inferior - Towards the soles of the feet Medial - Towards the median plane Lateral - Away from the median plane
What is the explanation for proximal and distal?
Proximal = towards the trunk Distal = away from the trunk
What does superficial mean?
Towards the skin
What does internal and external mean?
Internal means inside and body cavity and external means outside a body cavity
What does the skeleton consist of and which part of mineralised?
Bones and cartilage. Bone is mineralised.
What cells is cartilage made up of?
Made up of chondroblasts which secretes ground substance and collagen.
What are some identifiable elements of cartilage?
• no neurovascular elements so gains nutrients via diffusion through ground substance • no blood supply • thin
What are 5 main functions of bones?
• Support - bone provides a rigid framework • Movement - Levers for muscles • Protection - for organs • Haemopioesis - blood stem cells found in bone marrow • Storage - Calcium and phosphorus stored in the bone e.g. calcium needed for muscle contraction
What are the names of the types of bones we have?
Flat bone (sternum) Long bone (limbs) Short bone (wrist) Irregular bone (vertebra) Sesamoid bone (knee)
What are the cells which make up bones called?
Osteoblasts
How do osteoblasts form bone?
Osteo cells become osteoblasts. Intracellular matrix becomes calcified.
Explain the two ways bone forms
Endochondral = starts off with a small amount of cartilage and they grows until a boney collar forms. The middle can no longer receive nutrients so begins to calcify and more cartilage is formed at the end of the bone. Ossification = long bones continue to grow and this continues up to puberty. Osteoblasts are laid down and secrete a matrix.
What is special about inter membranous ossification?
There is no cartilage so bone is being formed around a structure e.g. the skull.
What is fascia?
Sheet of connective tissue which separates muscles from other organs
Where is the superficial fascia found?
Immediately below the dermis (skin).
What does the superficial fascia contain?
Contains collagen and elastic fibres and a varying amount of fat
What are the functions of fascia?
• Storage of both water and fat • Protection against mechanical shock • Conduction to transport nerves and blood vessels to the skin • Thermal insulation as fat & water provide an effective barrier against rapid body heat loss.
Where is deep fascia found and what is the structure like?
Found under superficial fascia. It forms a connective tissue covering for the deeper structures e.g muscles, vessels and nerves. It contains little/no fat.
What are the functions of the deep fascia?
• Conduction - blood and nerves transported through • Muscle movement - Muscles wrapped in deep fascia able to slide over each other. • Attachment for some muscles • Capsules around organs and glands
What are serous membranes composed of and what are the 3 in the body?
Composed of mesothelium and supported by loose connective tissue. The pleura (around lungs), the pericardium (around heart) and the peritoneum (around the abdomen).
How are the serous membranes arranged?
Thin and double layered, small space between the two layers to minimise friction.