D1a1: Macromolecules

Vitamins, minerals, lipids, nucleic acid,?protein, carbohydrates

Creation of larger molecules from smaller molecules (h2o released) Monomer(OH)+Monomer(HO)=Monomer(O)Monomer

H2O breaks larger molecules (polymers) into smaller ones (monomers). Needs water Monomer(O)Monomers=Monomer(OH) + Monomer(HO)

Totality of chemical reaction in cell (provides energy and enables synthesis)

Builds complex molecules from simple ones (DSR)

Breaks complex molecules into simple ones (hydrolysis)

Carbon containing • carbon can form 4 covalent bonds=large capacity • exceptions: carbonate and oxides of carbon

• Cannot make for ourselves so we obtain from plants • largest part of our diet • fast energy nutrient • ”ose” suffix • Ratio-1c:2h:1o

Single sugar=monomer Chains of monomers= polymers

Sugar sugar unit (3-6c)

Same chemical formula as monosaccharides but diff arrangements of atoms (all have c6h12o6)

2 monosaccharides together Formed by DSR (glycosidic bond formed) Broken by hydrolysis

Many monosaccharides where energy is stored in chemical bonds • cellulose- plant cell walls; made of B-glucose units(linear), everyother monomer is rotated 180 degrees • glycogen- stores carbs in animals l; made of a-glucose units (branched) • starch- amylose (1000+ glucose and unbranched polymer) or amylopectin (1000-6000 branched glucose)

S- storage of energy (glycogen build up (excess carbs)=fat) H- Hormone synthesis I- Insulation P- protection (cushions cells) S- structure part of cells (cell membrane)

• Non polar • Combined in DSR to form ester bond

Glycerol+3 fatty acids • oil- liquid at room temp • fat- solid at room temp

Saturated fatty acid- single bind between carbon atoms (strong)

Unsaturated- some double bonds • Monounsaturated-1 double bond • Polyunsaturated- 1+ double bond • Cis isomer- h+ on same side, double bond=kink, loosely packed • Trans Isomer- H+ on diff sides, no kink in chain, tightly packed

Phosphate+glycerol+2 fatty acids • negatively charged phosphate replaces one fatty acid • head(glycerol and phosphate)= polar and soluble • Tail(fatty acid)= non polar and not soluble

Fatty acids (long chain) joined by long chain alcohol or carbon rings (water insoluble) ex. Waterproof coating on leaves

• Double layered sphere of lipids • Can fuse with cells to deliver materials to interior • can carry drugs to cell wo harming tissues • gene therapy

Weight range (mass in kg/height in m2) Healthy=18.5-24.9

Defense, movement, catalyst, signalling, structure and transport

Made of amino acids (carbon, oxygen, Hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur) 20=9 essential, 11 nonessential Order and # of proteins determines type of protein