Psych chapter 3: memory and learning

• decrease in response to the same stimulus over time

• too weak to elicit a response

• recovery of a response to a stimulus after habituation has occured

• creation of pairing, (association) either between two stimuli or between a behavior and a response

• associative learning • takes advantage of biological, instinctual responses to create associations between two unrelated stimuli • ivan pavlov’s dog

• any stimulus that brings about a reflexive response

• innate or reflexive response

• unconditioned stimulus: meat • would cause dogs to salivate • neutral stimulus: ringing the bell would ringbell before placing meat in the dogs mouth. at first not much reaction, over time dogs began to salivate at the ring of the bell

• normally neutral stimulus, through association, causes a reflexive response called a conditioned response

• process of using a reflexive, unconditioned stimulus to turn a neutral stimulus into a conditioned stimulus

loss of a conditioned response

broadening effect by which a stimulus similar enough to conditioned stimulus can also produce the conditioned response (little albert and the white mouse)

• organism learns to distinguish between similar stimuli

• consequences of voluntary behaviors change the frequency of those behaviors

• BF skinner • all behaviors are conditioned stimulus added behavior continues: positive reinforcement stimulus removed behavior continues: negative reinforcement stimulus added behavior stops: positive punishment stimulus removed behavior stops: negative punishment

• increases the frequency of a behavior by adding a positive consequence or incentive following the desired behavior (ex: being paid to work)

• increases the frequency of a behavior by removing something unpleasant (ex: taking an aspirin for a headache) • escape learning and avoidance learning

• animal experiences the unpleasant stimulus and in response displays the desired behavior in order to trigger the removal of the stimulus

• animal displays the desired behavior in anticipation of the unpleasant stimulus, so they can avoid the unpleasant stimulus

• • uses conditioning to reduce the occurence of a behavior

adds unpleasant consequence in response to a behavior to reduce the behavior ex: jail for stealing

• removing a stimulus in order to cause reduction of behavior ex: not ringing the bell, dogs wont salivate

rate at which desired behaviors are acquired is affected by the resinforcement schedule being used to delicer the sitmuli

• reinforce a behavior after a specific number of performances of that behavior ( rewarding rat with food after it touches a button 3 times)