Basic concepts of organic chemistry
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what are hydrocarbons
compounds that only contain hydrogen and carbon
what are the first 10 prefixes you need to know
meth- ethical- prop- but- pent- hex- hept- oct- non- dec-
what are the suffixes for all the functional groups
alkane- ane alkene-ene alcohol- ol carboxylic acid- oic acid ketone- one aldehyde- al ester- ate amine- amine
what are the general rules of nomenclature
• functional groups and side chains are given with the corresponding number carbon they are attached to • numbers are separated by comas • numbers and words are separated by hyphens • more than one functional group then done in alphabetical order
what is empirical formula
the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound
what is molecular formula
the true number of atoms of each element in a compound
what is general formula
the simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series
what is displayed formula
the relative positioning of atoms and the bonds between them
what is skeletal formula
simplified organic formula showing only carbon skeleton and functional groups
define the term homologous series
a series of organic compounds having the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2
what is a functional group
a group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound
what does th term aliphatic mean
a compound containing carbon and hydrogen joined together in straight chains, branched chains or non-aromatic rings
what does th term alicyclic mean
an aliphatic compound arranged in non-aromatic rings with or without side chains
what does the term aromatic mean
a compound containing a benzene ring
what does the term saturated mean
single carbon carbon bonds only
what does the term unsaturated mean
the presence of multiple carbon carbon double bonds, including aromatic rings
what are structural isomers
compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae
what is homolytic fission
when each bonding atom receives one electron from the bonded pair, forming two radicals
what is heterolytic fission
one bonding atom receiving both electrons from the bonded pair
what is a radical
a species with an unpaired electron