C2 - Chemical Resources
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C2 - Chemical Resources What is the crust?
The Earth’s outer layer of solid rock. Average depth of 20km
C2 - Chemical Resources What is the lithosphere?
It includes the crust and upper part of the mantle. It is made up of a jigsaw of tectonic plates and is cold and rigid - over 100km thick in places.
C2 - Chemical Resources What is the mantle?
Solid section between the crust and core. Very rigid and temperature increases. Becomes less rigid and flows very slowly - semi liquid.
C2 - Chemical Resources What is the core?
It is just over half the Earth’s radius. 2 parts - inner core (solid) and outer core (liquid).
C2 - Chemical Resources What causes tectonic plates to move?
Radioactive decay creates lots of heat which creates convection currents in the mantle, causing the plates of the lithosphere to move.
C2 - Chemical Resources What are tectonic plates?
Big rocky rafts that float on the mantle because they are less dense. Move very slowly - about 2.5cm per year.
C2 - Chemical Resources What can tectonic plates cause?
Earthquakes and volcanoes where the plates meet, caused by movement of the plates against each other.
C2 - Chemical Resources Why is it difficult to study the Earth’s inner structure?
The crust is too thick to drill through.
C2 - Chemical Resources How can scientists study the Earth’s structure?
Using seismic waves produced by earthquakes or man made explosions. Measure the time it takes for them to travel through the Earth and where they are detected.
C2 - Chemical Resources What are the two types of seismic wave?
P-Waves which can only travel through solids and liquids. S-Waves can only travel through solids.
C2 - Chemical Resources How are volcanoes formed?
As an oceanic plate is forced down, it melts and starts to rise. Molten rock (magma) from the mantle emerges through crust and boils over - sometimes violently.
C2 - Chemical Resources Which plate is denser?
Oceanic plate
C2 - Chemical Resources What is subduction?
When tectonic plates collide a dense oceanic plate is forced under a less dense continental plate.
C2 - Chemical Resources Which igneous rock is formed from volcanoes with runny lava and a fairly safe eruption?
Iron-rich basalt
C2 - Chemical Resources Which igneous rock is formed from volcanoes with thick lava and an explosive eruption?
Silica-rich Rhyolite
C2 - Chemical Resources Why is it tricky to predict a volcanic eruption?
Volcanoes are unpredictable - scientists may only be able to say an eruption is more likely, not certain.
C2 - Chemical Resources How are sedimentary rocks formed?
Layers of sediment laid down in lakes or seas which get buried over millions of years, squeezing out the water. Fluid flowing through pores deposit natural mineral cement.
C2 - Chemical Resources What is the word equation for thermal decomposition of limestone?
calcium carbonate → calcium oxide + carbon dioxide
C2 - Chemical Resources What is the symbol equation for thermal decomposition of limestone?
CaCO₃ → CaO + CO₂
C2 - Chemical Resources How are metamorphic rocks formed?
Heat and pressure on sedimentary or igneous rocks over a long time. As long as they don’t melt they are metamorphic.
C2 - Chemical Resources What is an example of a metamorphic rock?
Marble - formed from limestone. The heat and pressure breaks down limestone so it reforms as small crystals making marble harder and it has more texture.
C2 - Chemical Resources Why are ignous rocks very hard?
They contain different minerals in randomly arranged interlocking crystals.
C2 - Chemical Resources What is an example of an igneous rock?
Granite - ideal for steps and buildings
C2 - Chemical Resources How are aluminium and iron made?
They are extracted from their ores.