Aldehydes and Ketones

Highly polar with a partial negative charge on the oxygen and a partial positive charge on the carbon. They are considered polar and aprotic

ketones have 2 aldehydes have 1 -the hydrogens are weakly acidic and can be removed -aldehydes are more acidic

to the oxygen -when the negative charge is on the alpha carbons, it becomes more reactive

aldehydes and ketones have a lower boiling point compared to carboxylic acids and alcohols

is electrophilic with its partial positive charge

Functions as a nucleophile after the acidic hydrogen is removed. is negatively charged

LEO -lose electrons -gain bonds to oxygen -lose hydrogen bonds GER -gain electrons -lose bonds to oxygen -gains hydrogen bonds

We are going from an aldehyde to a carboxylic acid and a strong oxidizing agent is needed

Cannot be oxidized into a carboxylic acid

goes to alcohol using hydride base reducing agents

Hydration reaction

Water adds to carbonyl carbon via nucleophilic addition. becomes a hydroxyl group (geminal diol)

Forms hemiacetal or hemiketal

Cyanohydrine formed