3C Stem Cells/Using Stem Cells

fertilized egg cell

an undifferentiated cell than can form ANY one of the different cell types needed for an entire new organism.

an early embryo consisting of a hollow ball of cells with an inner cell mass of pluripotent cells that will eventually form a new organism

undifferentiated cells of the early human embryo with potential to develop into many different types of specialized cell

early embryo made up of a solid ball of 10-30 totipotent cells

• an undifferentiated cell that can form MOST of the cell types needed for an entire new organism (not tissues such as placenta) • in development

• fertilization (totipotent) • start to divide, 2-cell stage embryo (totipotent) • forms dense ball (morula), 4-cell stage embryo (totipotent) • embryo is a hollow ball of cells, cell migration (totipotent) • five days after fertilization, forms blastocyst, all cells become pluripotent, will generate amniotic membrane

• earliest embryonic cells are totipotent • by blastocyst stage (implanted in mother uterus) they are pluripotent • pluripotent stem cells change to become more speacialized as the embryo develops

• zygotes are totipotent stem cells as they give rise to all cell types • blastocyst contains pluripotent cells that give rise to embryonic cells (not extra embryonic tissue), so most cell types • cells in the developing embryo are multipotent as they become only some cell types

• totipotent cells can give rise to any cell • pluripotent cells cannot give rise to all cells in the body • totipotent cells can give rise to an entire human being, while pluripotent cells cannot

• idea of more than one gene for a single characteristic • at a different loci • giving rise to continuous variation

• no destruction of embryos • because embryos have the potential to become human life • due to ethical/ religious reasons

• Nucleus removed from patients adult cell • Nucleus removed from ovum • Nucleus from patients cell transferred into empty ovum • Mild electric shock to fuse nucleus with new cell • Mitosis gives a ball of cells • Stem cells removed and cultured to grow into required organ or tissue

• remove differentiated cell to force cell to become pluripotent • by using chemical stimulation • reversing back to embryonic stage • can divert its differentiation and create whatever you want it to be