Protein Synthesis
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DNA
(Deoxyribonucleic acid) Nucleic acid that composed chromosomes and carries genetic info
Chromosome
An enormous strand of super cooled DNA
Genes
Sections of DNA on the chromosome that code for proteins
Junk DNA
Noncoding sections of DNA
Building blocks of DNA
Nucleotides
3 parts of nucleotides
• 5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose) • Phosphate group • Nitrogen Base (4 types) Adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine
Purines
Adenine and Guanine Composed of 2 rings of nitrogen atoms
Pyrimidines
Thymine and Cytosine Composed of one ring of nitrogen atoms
Double Helix Structure
Consists of 2 strands of nucleotides that form a twisted ladder
Sugar and phosphate Structure of DNA
Alternate along the sides of the ladder (linked by strong covalent bonds)
Pair of nitrogen bases Structure of DNA
Form the rungs of the ladder (linked by weak hydrogen bonds)
Specific base pairing arrangement Chargaffs Rule
A-T 2 Hydrogen bonds C-G 3 Hydrogen bonds
Function of DNA
Codes for proteins (structural proteins, enzymes, hormones) Information for building proteins is carried in the sequence of nitrogen bases Proteins determine physical and metabolic traits and regulate growth and development
DNA Replication
Process in which DNA is copied
Purpose of DNA replication
Gives daughter cells produced by cell division a complete set of genetic info identical to parent cell
Where Replication occurs
Nucleus
How replication occurs
Helicase enzymes unzip the parent strand by separating the nitrogen base pairs DNA polymerase pairs free DNA nucleotides with the exposed bases on both strands following the base pair rules Each strand from the parent molecule serve as a template Hydrogen bonds reform spontaneously sealing the 2 strands of each DNA molecule together
Results of replication
2 molecules of DNA that are identical Each is half old (strand from parent) and half new (strand synthesized by DNA polymerase)
RNA (Ribonucleic acid)
Nucleic acid involved in the synthesis of proteins
RNA Structure
Composed of nucleotides but differs from DNA in 3 ways Single strand of nucleotides instead of double stranded Has uracil instead of thymine Contains ribose instead of deoxyribose
RNA function
3 forms of RNA involved in protein synthesis mRNA (messenger) copies instructions in DNA and carries these to the ribosome tRNA(transfer) carries amino acids to the ribosome rRNA (ribosomal) composes the ribosome
Protein synthesis
Cells build proteins following instructions coded in genes (DNA) Consists of 2 parts, transcription and translation
Transcription
DNA is copied into a complementary strand of mRNA DNA cannot leave the nucleus. Proteins are made in cytoplasm. mRNA serves as a messenger and carries the protein building instructions to the ribosomes in cytoplasm
Location of transcription
Nucleus