Vital Statistics
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What do rates tell?
How common it is for a given event to occur
What are crude rates?
Rates computed for an entire population
What are specific rates?
Rates computed for a subgroup of the population
Describe the worded calculation of rates
Rates are calculated as the frequency of demographic events in a population during a specific time period divided by the population “at risk” of the event occurring during that time period
Give the equation used to calculate rates
Rate = (Numerator / Denominator) x Multiplier
What are vital statistics?
Largely descriptive statistics which characterise the health of a population
What is the numerator used during the calculation of rates?
Number of events
What is the denominator used during the calculation of rates?
Number of people at risk
What is the multiplier used during the calculation of rates?
A convenient large number used to avoid decimal places resulting in the rate being expressed as “per x population”
What is birth rate?
Crude rate which indicates the number of live births per 1,000 population per year
What is the denominator for birth rate?
Total mid-year population
What is fertility rate?
Number of live births per 1,000 women aged 15 to 49 in a given year
Why is fertility rate more refined than birth rate?
It relates birth to the age-sex group at risk of having birth
What is death rate?
Crude rate is the number of deaths per 1,000 population in that population in a given year
Describe the calculation used to calculate death rate
(Number of deaths / Total population) x 1000
What is a better comparison data than death rate?
Comparison of age-adjusted death rates between populations
What is infant mortality rate?
Number of deaths of infants under age 1 per 1,000 live births in a given year
Name 3 rates (other than birth and death rates) which are often used in epidemiology
• Incidence rate (new cases within defined period of time) • Point prevalence rate (Number of cases existing at defined point in time) • Period prevalence rate (Number of cases at any time during defined period)
What is demography?
Study of changes in population structure
What is population projections?
Predictions of the future population structure based on assumptions about birth, death and migration patterns
How can the age / sex structure of a population be presented?
Population pyramid
What does a population pyramid show?
Composition of a population by age and sex, where the horizontal bars present numbers of males and females in each group
Why is there a narrowing peak at the top of the population pyramid?
Attrition process accelerates during the older ages
Describe a stage 1 population pyramid
• High birth and death rate • Each age group shrinks rapidly in size • Short life expectancy • Population not growing