14.1 Properties of Alcohols
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What are alcohols?
HOMOLOGOUS SERIES of organic compounds with the general formula Cn H2n+1 OH
What are the physical properties of alcohols?
WATER-SOLUBLE POLAR LESS VOLATILE THAN ALKANES
What makes alcohol molecules polar?
difference in ELECTRONEGATIVITY of H + O uneven distribution of electrons, O more electron dense than H OH/HYDROXYL is polar
What makes alcohol molecules soluble?
HYDROXYL is POLAR due to difference in electronegativity of O + H can form HYDROGEN BONDS with water molecules (longer chain = lower solubility)
What makes alcohols less volatile than their corresponding alkanes?
alcohols can form HYDROGEN BONDS alkanes can only form induced dipole/LONDON forces - WEAKER than hydrogen bonds - require less energy to overcome - lower boiling point therefore alkanes form gases easier than alcohols
How does alcohol solubility change with chain length?
LONGER chain = LOWER solubility polar hydroxyl group has LOWER OVERALL EFFECT
What is a primary alcohol?
alcohol molecule where hydroxyl is attached to a carbon which is attached to 1/0 other carbons.
What is a secondary alcohol?
alcohol molecule where hydroxyl is attached to carbon which is attached to 2 other carbons.
What is a tertiary alcohol?
alcohol molecule where hydroxyl is attached to carbon which is attached to 3 other carbons.