C1.5 Making Crude Oil Useful
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Describe the three steps of cracking
• The hydrocarbon is vaporised by heating it • the vapour passes over a catalyst (aluminium oxide) at a very high temperature (400-700oC) • The hydrocarbon splits apart
What two products are produced by cracking an alkane.
An alkane and an alkene
Describe the test for alkenes.
• React with bromine water - Bromine water turns colourless
What does the term saturated mean?
Single bonds only
What does the term unsaturated mean?
Has one or more double bond(s)
Describe how ethanol is produced from ethene
Reacting with steam in the presence of a catalyst
Name an advantage and disadvantage of using ethene to produce ethanol.
Advantage - ethanol is the only product. Disadvantage - ethene comes from crude oil, which is non-renewable.
Write the word equation for the fermentation of sugar to produce ethanol
Sugar –> ethanol + carbon dioxide
Name an advantage and disadvantage of using fermentation to produce ethanol
Advantage - renewable, uses a low temperature and cheap equipment Disadvantage - produces impure ethanol which needs to be distilled. Fermentation takes time.
What is a monomer
A single molecule which makes a polymer
What is a polymer
A long chain made from the same repeating molecule (monomer)
Name the polymer made from the polymerisation of ethene
Poly(ethene)
Name the monomer needed to produce the polymer, polychloroethene
Chloroethene
Describe the steps to extract oils from plants
• Plant material is crushed • Oil is separated using a centrifuge • Oil is refined using distillation
Name two uses of vegetable oils
Cooking Use for biodiesel
Why are oils used for cooking
High boiling point Adds flavour
Describe the process of hydrogenation
• Unsaturated vegetable oil is reacted with hydrogen • with a nickel catalyst • at about 60oC
Name a health effect of eating saturated fats, such as animal fats
Raises cholesterol levels in blood Can cause heart disease
What is an emulsion?
Droplets of a liquid suspended in another liquid
Describe how an emulsion works
Emulsfier has a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail The hydrophilic end attracts water The hydrophobic end attracts oil This stops the mixture separating