Alcohols & Carboxylic Acids

CnH2n+1OH, Hydroxyl -OH

volatile (easily evaporated) liquids at rtp

combustion, oxidation (w/ bacteria & o2, acidified KMnO4) - hydroxyl grp responsible for rxns

• reagents: acidified potassium manganate (vii) soln, KMnO4 • conditions: heat

• reagents: o2 • conditions: presence of bacteria - alcoholic drinks turn sour after being exposed to air & bacteria bc formation of ethanoic acid - not suitable for large scale production of ethanoic acid

add KMnO4 alcohol: turn colourless acid: no change, remain purple

• fermentation of glucose to produce ethanol • addition of steam to alkenes

• reagents: C6H12O6 • conditions: 37 C, absence O2, yeast, h2o • eqn: c6h12o6 -> 2 c2h5oh + 2 co2

• absence o2: anaerobic respiration - if o2 present, aerobic respiration occurs -> co2 + h2o, ethanol may oxidise to carboxylic acid • temp 37 C: yeast works best at this temp - above this temp, enzymes denature

CnH2n+1COOH, Carboxyl -COOH

weak acids 1. sour 2. conduct electricity dissolved in h2o 3, turn damp blue litmus paper red 4. VERY SOLUBLE in h2o

combustion, common rxn as weak acid (+ reactive metal/carbonate/base)

rxn in which two/more reactants form larger molecule W/ LOSS of small molecule like h2o, hydrogen halide, nh3

• reagents: dilute acid like HCl • conditions: heat • def: a rxn in which a molecule is broken down into SMALLER molecules by addition of h2o

• reagents: • conditions: • purpose h2so4: • naming esters: