A3.2 Unity and diversity

a process in which hybrids form over many generations with unequally distributed genetic information from each species. It’s achieved through backcrossing: when a hybrid offspring breeds with a species of the original parents to produce offspring

classifying organisms using molecular differences through protein and DNA sequences.

the study of the evolutionary past of a species. A phylogenetic tree indicates passage of time and the difference between species branching points, unlike cladograms.

the x axis is time from past to present the y axis is quality from primitive traits to complex traits

cladistics is a system of classifying taxa based on characteristics that have evolved more recently (derived traits) they research how close a common ancestor is through shared similarities between species, or gene sequencing.

• primitive traits are characteristics with more simple similar structure and function, and it means that they evolved early in traced history. • derived traits are new and more recently evolved traits

measures the extent of similarities between dna sequences, more specifically, how far back a species split from a common anscestor

One strand of DNA of one species and another of another species are fused together during enzymes. If the base pairs connect, there is a match, if they repell, there is not.

uses quantitative biochemical data to to estimate and trace back the time of a speciation event.

place where speciation happened- shows common ancestor

group of closest relatives to the common ancestor

less closely related to the others

the base in which the other species branch out

tips of the branches

monophyletic - a taxa defined by shared but unique characteristics of that group of species paraphyletic - taxa group defined by shared characteristics of common ancestor

the process of placing taxa where they all show monophyletic groups, indicating that they all share a recent common ancestor ALL GROUPS ARE MONOPHYLETIC

used to track the inheritance of a nearby gene that has not yet been identified, but whose approximate location is known.

• archaea (found in hydrothermal vents) • eukarya (all life other than archaea and bacteria) • eubacteria

• differences in their subunits of ribosomes • synthesising **methane **and hydrogen gas as a source of energy, which bacteria cant do • archaeas production of transcription and protein production from translation share more characteristics with what eukarya can do • physical features such as types of molecules that build its cell wall and membrane