Chapter 4

Releases all of its hydrogen atoms into a solution as h+ ions and completely disassociates in aqueous solution

HCl H2SO4 HNO3 CH3COOH

Only releases a small proportion of its available hydrogen atoms into solution as H+ ions, and partially dissociates in aqueous solution

A base can neutralise an acid to form a salt NH3

A base that dissolved in water Releasing hydroxide ions OH- into the solution

Acid (aq) + metal oxide/hydroxide (s) —> salt (aq) + water (l)

Salt (aq) + water (l)

Co2 (g) + H2O (l) + salt (aq)

A technique used to accurately measure the volume of one solution that reacts exactly with another solution

Finding the concentration of a solution Identifying an unknown solution Finding the purity of a substance

• solid is weighed • solid is dissolved using less distilled water than needed to fill the volumetric flask • solution is transferred to volumetric flask • remaining solution is rinsed into flask with more distilled water • more distilled water is added drop-wise to reach meniscus • flask is slowly inverted to make sure the solution is mixed

• add a measured volume of 1 solution to a conical flask • add other solution to burette, record initial reading (0.05) • add indicator • when the indicator changes colour at the end point stop the tap • record final burette reading • calculate titre by subtracting initial from final • further titrations are carried out until titres are concordant (0.1)

A measure of the number of electrons an atom uses to bond with atoms of another element

H = -1 O = -1 O = +2

Involves reduction and oxidation

Salt + hydrogen