Amines

-derived from ammonia -all contain an N atom -hydrogens are replaced with an organic group -primary amine: 1 organic group, e.g. methylamine -secondary amine: 2 organic groups, e.g. dimethylamine -tertiary amine: 3 organic groups, e.g. trimethylamine -quaternary ion: 4 organic groups, e.g. tetramethylamine ion (typically has coordinate bond)

-quaternary ammonium salts are used to make cleaning products -e.g. shampoo, washing up liquids -made from positive end and are attracted to negative ions -long hydrocarbon tail = cationic surfactants -non-polar tail is attracted to oil/grease -polar head is attracted to water -can also be used as hair conditioner or fabric softener -positive ammonium ion is attracted to negatively charged hair or fibres

-N has a lone pair of electrons -hence accepts proton to form a coordinate bond -higher electron density = more readily available electrons = more strong base -electron density on N depends on the type of group attached to it

-aromatic amines -benzene is an electron withdrawing group -pulls electrons away from N into ring structure -electron density of N atom is reduced -hence lone pair of electrons are less available

-secondary amines (aliphatic) -alkyl groups push electrons towards N atom -electron density at N increases -lone pair of electrons on N are more available

Aromatic amines Ammonia Primary aliphatic amines Secondary aliphatic amines

Reacting haloalkane and excess ammonia -ammonia is a nucleophile, attacks C atom -alkylammonium salt is formed as an intermediate (N+ and Cl-) -second ammonia acts as a base, proton acceptor -primary amine and ammonium halide salt is produced Cons: -secondary, tertiary and quaternary salts may also be produced -hence impure product -primary amines still have a lone electron pair -can act as a nucleophile on remaining haloalkane Reducing Nitriles (catalytic hydrogenation): -nickel/platinum catalyst and hydrogen gas -high pressure and temperature -cheapest method -only primary amine produced so pure product is made -RCH2CN + 2H2 —> RCH2CH2NH2 -LiAlH4 is expensive but can be used too (plus dilute acid) -[H] is dissolved in non-aqueous solvent, e.g. dry ether -RCH2CN + 4[H] —> RCH2CH2NH2

-used to make dye stuffs and pharmaceuticals -made by reducing nitro compounds -nitrobenzene is heated under reflux with conc HCl and tin -forms salt, C6H5NH3+Cl- -salt reacts with alkali, NaOH -water and phenylamine is produced

-derivatives of carboxylic acids -have -CONH2 functional group -like carboxylic acid but OH is replaced by NH2 -N-substituted amide = 1 H atom is replaced with an alkyl group