D2- Functions of the Cardiovascular system

• deliver nutrients and oxygen • removal of waste products (CO & lactate) • thermoregulation • fighting infection • clotting blood

• carbon dioxide and lactate • carries CO2 back to the lungs for gaseous exchange to occur • carries other waste products to the liver and kidneys (lactate) • in exercise more by-products will be produced so it’s essential they are removed • CO2 will travel around the body in the CS, passing through the heart (in the body) and transported to the lungs where it is removed through gaseous exchange

• attaches to haemoglobin creating carbaminohaemoglobin • dissolves in plasma

• process of distribution and redistribution of heat within the body, maintaining a constant temperature • average human body temp is 37 degrees • in exercise chemical reactions occurring when creating energy create heat (aerobic and anaerobically) • to stop the body overheating and causing mutations of cells your CS effectively regulates body temperature

• blood vessels that have vasodilated near the surface of the skin regulates body temperature • allows more blood to flow freely through the vessels, heat can be carried to the skins surface • the relaxation of the muscles in the vessels resulting in a large diameter, meaning more blood can travel through the vessel

• when the muscles in the vessels temporarily contract meaning less blood can be transported through • this then leads to an increase in body temperature as blood is moved further away from the surface of the skin

• white blood cells fight infection and are produced inside the bone marrow • stored in the blood, transported around through the vessels • can surround and ingest pathogens destroying them • white blood cells also create antibodies that will also destroy pathogens and produce antitoxins which also neutralise pathogens

• at the site of damage (a cut), white blood cells along with platelets form a plug (by the use of fibrin) • this stops excessive bleeding and controls bacteria entering the blood stream