Kuhn - Scientific revolutions

Utilization of historical knowledge for advancements in science. Doubting historical science when it stems from superstition or errors incompatible with modern science

Research rooted in past scientific communities recognized as foundational. Reliance on established paradigms for further practice

Unprecedented achievements that attract followers away from competing scientific methods. Open-endedness allows for the resolution of various problems within the field

Initial exploration of fundamental concepts, such as the nature of light, often stemming from metaphysical inquiry

Emphasizing specific aspects or interpretations of a scientific field. Allows for in-depth exploration of selected phenomena, even if based on incorrect beliefs

Formation of specialized journals, societies, and academic recognition. Consolidation of knowledge within the scientific community, leading to textbooks as reflections of discoveries

Fundamental shifts in worldview leading to changes in scientific practice and perception. Adoption of new instruments, perspectives, and findings, altering how the world is understood

Distinction in perception: psychological ambiguity versus scientific objectivity. The necessity of a universal answer in science, independent of individual perception

Perceptual features highlighted by paradigms, shaping interpretations. Consideration of laboratory measurements as essential, although subject to interpretation within paradigms

Transformation of chemical manipulations and data interpretations post-revolution, indicating a shift in perception and understanding