2. Bonding, Stucture and The Properties of Matter
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How do elements react?
They form bonds with each other after they’ve reacted, share electrons, or gain/lose outer electrons.
What do ionic compounds contain?
Metal and non-metal atoms
What do covalent compounds contain?
non-metal atoms only
What is an ionic bond?
Attraction between oppositely charged ions
What is a covalent bond?
Two shared electrons between two atoms
Why do ionic compounds conduct when molten or as a solution?
• They’re liquids so ions can move freely * They have charged particles which pass on the energy
Why do elements react together?
Because they gain or lose outer electrons to get a full outer shell
Why do ionic compounds have high melting/boiling points?
Because there’s a strong bond between ions and need a lot of energy to be broken
What properties do particles need to have to conduct electricity?
• particles must be able to move freely * particles must have a charge
Why don’t simple covalent substances conduct electricity?
Because they don’t lose/gain electrons - only share them - so there are no charged particles to conduct the energy
Why do simple covalent substances have low melting/ boiling points?
Because the intermolecular forces are weak even though covalent bonds are strong
What are macromolecules?
Giant covalent structures
Does diamond conduct?
No because there are no charged particles to carry the charge
What are diamond’s melting and boiling points like?
High because they have covalent bonds only which are hard to break
How many carbon atoms is each one covalently bonded to in diamond?
4
Why is diamond hard to break?
Because they are all covalent bonds - no intermolecular forces
Does graphite conduct?
Yes because there is one free electron which is free to move per molecule
What is graphite’s boiling and melting point like?
High because it has covalent bonds and intermolecular forces
Which has a lower melting point, graphite or diamond? Why?
Graphite because it only has 3 covalent bonds per atom (diamond has 4 per molecule)
Why is diamond the hardest substance on earth?
It has all covalent bonds
Why is graphite soft and slippery?
Because the layers can glide over each other because the weak intermolecular forces are easily broken
Formula of buck minster fullerene?
C60
How are the carbon atoms bonded in buck minster fullerene?
Each carbon atom bonds to 3 others with two forming single bonds and one a double bond
What does silicon dioxide have a similar structure to?
Diamond