Organic
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What is crude oil?
Non-renewable fuel, made of hydrocarbons of different lengths
Describe the characteristics of alkanes.
Single carbon bond, saturated.
Why are alkanes saturated?
Because no more hydrogen atoms can be added to them.
What is the general formula of alkanes?
CnH2n+2
Describe the characteristics of alkenes.
Double bond, unsaturated.
Why are alkenes unsaturated?
More atoms can be added to the carbon atoms that are double bonded.
What is the general formula of alkenes?
CnH2n
What is the word formula for the combustion of alkenes?
Alkene + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water
What is the word equation for the hydrogenation of an alkene?
Alkene + hydrogen → alkane
What is hydrogenation?
Addition of hydrogen.
What reactions can alkenes undergo?
Combustion, hydrogenation, adding halogens.
What does a structural formula show?
The arrangement of atoms carbon by carbon, with hydrogens and functional groups attached after each one.
What is a hydrocarbon isomer?
A hydrocarbon with the same molecular formula but a different displayed and structural formula.
What types of reactions occur with organic compounds and hydrocarbons?
Substitution (alkanes only) and addition (alkenes only).
What is substitution of hydrocarbons?
Only involves alkanes. One functional group is replaced by another. E.g. CH₄ + Cl₂ → CH₃Cl + HCl
What is addition of hydrocarbons?
Alkenes only. Two or more molecules join together to form a larger molecule. E.g. ethene + steam → ethanol
What is fractional distillation?
Splitting hydrocarbon chains into groups based on their length
What happens to hydrocarbons as they get longer?
Its melting point increases, becomes less flammable, becomes darker, becomes more viscous.
What is crude oil?
A mixture of different hydrocarbons.
What is the order of hydrocarbon fractions by chain length?
Refinery gases, gasoline, kerosene, diesel, fuel oil, bitumen.
What is the use of refinery gases?
Bottled gas.
What is the use of gasoline?
Fuel for cars.
What is the use of kerosene?
Fuel for planes.
What is the use of diesel?
Fuel for lorries.