Proton NMR Environment
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What information does proton NMR provide? (nmbr. diff. H envrmnt. + rltve. nmbr. H ech. envrmnt.)
The number of different hydrogen environments and the relative number of hydrogens in each environment
What do the number of peaks in a proton NMR spectrum show?
The number of different hydrogen environments
What does the area under each peak represent? (rltve. nmbr. H ech. envrmnt.)
The relative number of hydrogens in each environment
What is a splitting pattern? (pks. splt. smlr. pks. due. neghbrng. H)
When a peaks split into smaller peaks due to neighbouring hydrogens
What causes splitting in proton NMR?
Interaction with hydrogens on adjacent carbon atoms
What is the n+1 rule?
The number of peaks in a splitting pattern equals the number of neighbouring hydrogens (n) plus one
What does a singlet indicate?
0 neighbouring hydrogens
What does a double indicate?
1 neighbouring hydrogens
What dos a triplet indicate?
2 neighbouring hydrogens
What does a quartet indicate?
3 neighbouring hydrogens
How do you determine hydrogen ratios from a spectrum? (msre. vrtcl. lns. - intgrtn. trce. + cmpr. rltve. szes.)
Measure the vertical lines of the integration trace and compare their relative sizes
What do integration ratios show?
The relative number of hydrogens in each environment
Why are samples dissolved in deuterated solvents? (avd. intrfnce. frm. H pks. slvnt.)
To avoid interference from hydrogen peaks in the solvent
Why does deuterium not appear in proton NMR? (dsnt. prod. sgnl. prtn. NMR)
It does not produce a signal in proton NMR
Name an alternative solvent used in proton NMR
Tetrachloromethane (CCl₄)