2. Notes and revision.
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Ecology
The study of interactions and between organisms and their abiotic environment
Abiotic factors
Nonliving physical factors that influence the ecosystems, for example, temperature and light
biotic factots
interactions between systems eg predation
species
a group of organisms that share characteristic, can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
niche
this is an organisms response to abiotic and biotic factors
realised niche
the habitat an organism lives in
fundamental niche
all the other places an organism can live in
examples of biotic factors
predation herbivory parasitism mutualism commensation; one animal benefits without harming the other amensalism; one benefits while harming the other
community
a group of populations living and interacting with each other in a common habitat
respiration
covertion of organic matter into carbon dioxide and water releasing energy Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (as ATP)
pyramids of biomass Define, advantages, disadvantages
storage of each trophic level in units. Advantage overcomes the problems of pyramid of numbers Disadavantage kills the animal
pyramids of numbers
number of animals in each trophic level Advantages easiest way to measure Disadavatages counts animals reagrdless of size
pyramids of productivity
flow of energy in each trophic level Advantage overcomes the problems of pyramid of numbers Disadavantage kills the animal
Bioaccumulation
whwen harmful chemeicals are taken up by an organism eating contaminant or being exposed to it
Biomagnification
when a contaminant passes up the food chain through 2 or more trophic levels eating an animal with contaminant
DDT
DDT aka Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane is an insecticide used in agriculture
Bioaccumulation and biomagnification examples
• DDT runs off into water bodies, eaten by fish , fish eaten by eagles, weakens eagles eggs, reduces eagle population • Plastic fish eat it, e eat fish, we get plastic • Mercury Japan, minamato disease yooutube video
food chain
flow of energy from one organism to another
food web
bunch of food chains
How to calculate Net primary productivity
GPP - Respiration aka Total productivity - lost energy to respiration
How to calculate Gross Secondary Productivity
total food eaten - waste/faeces
How to calculate Net Secondary Productivity
total food eaten - waste/faeces - respiration GSP - Respiration
succesion
how an ecosystem changes overtime
zonation
how an ecosyetm changes along an environamntal gradient eg temperature, altitude