Coal
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Coal is made up of:
carbon and hydrocarbons
SO2 + CaCo3 =
CaSO4 (synthetic gypsum)
What is synthetic gypsum and how does it impact the environment?
It is an almost replica of the real gypsum; it can help capture pollutants from smokestacks, but it can still be harmful.
Top 5 source countries of U.S. coal IMPORTS:
• Colombia (60%) • Canada (20%) • Indonesia (10%) • Russia (6%) • China (2%)
What is the main use of coal?
To generate electricity
I short ton = ? lbs
2000
1 tonne = ? lbs
2205
1 long ton = ? lbs
2240
U.S. coal consumption by consuming sector:
• electrical power (92%) • Coke plants - 3% • Heat and power - 2% • Other industrial - 3% Industrial total - 8% • commercial - 0.1%
Electric Power sequence:
heat - mechanical (turbines) - electricity
Industries where coal is used:
Steel and concrete & paper industries
What is coke?
carbon-rich fuel derived from coal
How is coke used in the steel industry?
used to smelt iron ore into iron which can then be turned into steel
How is coal used in the concrete and paper industries?
burn coal - heat
Desulfurization
used in power plants where scrubbers clean sulfur from smokestacks
Coal-bed methane needs to be
vented out and degasified to keep below explosive levels
Emissions from burning coal:
-SO2 -NOx -CO2 -Fly ash and bottom ash (residues) -Mercury and other heavy elements
Anthracite (percentage of carbon; heating value comparison; where is it found; what industries; percentage mined)
-Highest heating value -86-97% carbon -<1% of coal mined in the U.S. -MInes in NE pennsylvania -Used in the metals industry
Bituminous Coal (percentage of carbon; where is it found; percenage of coal production; what industries; rough estimation of mined)
-45-86% Carbon -45% of coal production -generate electricity & coking coal or use in iron/steel -Produced in: 1. WV (30%) 2. PA (16%) 3. Illinois (14%) 4. Kentucky (10%) 5. Indiana (7%)
Subbituminous (percentage carbon; heating value estimation; production percentage; where is it found)
-35-45% carbon -lower heating value than bituminous coal -46% of total u.s. coal production -Produced in: 1. Wyoming (88%) 2. Montana (8%) 3. Alaska, Colorado, and new mexico
Lignite (percentage of carbon; heating value; industries; where is it found; percentage of U.S. coal production)
-25-35% -lowest heating value -generate electricity -Production: 1. 56% ND 2. 36% TX 3. 8% louisiana, Mississippi, Montana -
Coal reserves by state:
• Montana - 25% • Illinois - 22% • Wyoming - 12% • West Virginia - 6% • Kentucky - 6% • Pennsylvania - 5%
Two largest coal mines in U.S.
North Antelope Rochelle, black thunder mines (Both in Wyoming)
Powder River basin is how many feet thick of coal?
70 ft thick