Respiratory System
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Define the term minute ventilation
Quantity of air moved into & out of lungs in one minute. • Minute ventilation is tidal volume times respiratory rate - VE = TV × BR • At rest approximately 6L/min= 500mls × 12 breaths/min
Describe the effect of exercise on minute ventilation
Exercise will cause increase in depth & rate of breathing therefore, minute ventilation will increase Increased tidal volume will increase minute ventilation This has the effect of taking more oxygen into the body & removing more carbon dioxide. 90L/min = 3L × 30 breaths/min
Explain the process of gaseous exchange that occurs in the lungs during exercise.
Gaseous exchange in lungs known as external respiration. O2 & CO2 exchange between alveoli in lungs & blood capillaries surrounding alveoli. Gaseous exchange increases in lungs during exercise. Occurs between areas of high partial pressure & low - difference between these pressures creates diffusion gradient. Partial pressure of O2 = higher in alveolar air compared to partial pressure in blood capillaries thus O2 diffuses into blood capillaries at faster rate than rest. Partial pressure of CO2 higher in blood capillaries than in alveoli GOIPH
Examine the role of haemoglobin in the body.
RBCs contain an iron rich protein called Haemoglobin (Hb). Haemoglobin carries O2 in RBCs around body. Carbaminohemoglobin accepted due to carbon dioxide & haemoglobin combining.
Examine the role of myoglobin in the body.
Myoglobin (Mb) is oxygen-binding protein located primarily in muscles. Functions as oxygen-storage unit, providing oxygen to working muscles.
Research has clearly shown the positive impact of exercise on the respiratory system and the benefits for long-term health and well- being. Identify long-term effects of aerobic exercise on the respiratory system for an individual.
Increased efficiency of respiratory system will improve recovery from exercise & reduce O2 debt during exercise Long term exercise has effect of exercising respiratory system, diaphragm & intercostal muscles increase in strength Increased tidal volumes & freq of breathing
During exercise the volume of gas exchanged in the lungs and muscles must increase. Outline the changes in the mechanics of breathing for inspiration which facilitate this increase when an athlete is physically active.
Diaphragm contracts & flattens with more force. Increased lifting of ribs & sternum Additional respiratory muscles contract, sternocleidomastoid, scalenes & pectoralis minor contracts Increase in size of thoracic cavity, allowing lungs to expand Lower air pressure within lungs to level lower than in atmosphere This causes/creates pressure gradient Air rushes into lower pressure area of the lungs
During exercise the volume of gas exchanged in the lungs and muscles must increase. Outline the changes in the mechanics of breathing for expiration which facilitate this increase when an athlete is physically active.
Diaphragm & external intercostals relax, rectus abdominus/obliques contract. Expiration begins elastic recoil of respiratory muscles causes pressure within lungs to increase further Higher air pressure in lungs, greater than that in atmosphere This causes another pressure gradient Greater decrease in thoracic cavity volume Air inside lungs is at higher pressure than atmospheric air outside, more air is forced out of the lungs G-DEATH
Prolonged exposure to training causes structural and physiological adaptations to occur which allow endurance athletes to perform better. Identify and describe two adaptations to respiratory systems resulting from endurance training
Lung capacity/volume: lungs increase their ability to expand enabling greater quantity of air to move in & out Exchange of O2 & CO2 improves as gradient between each becomes larger Aerobic fitness training tends to improve efficiency of the body’s tissues at absorbing O2 & CO2
Describe the physiological adaptations for a sprint athlete as a result of anaerobic training
Greater tolerance to lactic acid through buffering, can delay fatigue Increased strength of skeletal muscle/connective tissue, increase joint stability Increased muscle mass
Outline the respiratory responses an athlete may experience when performing a high intensity training session
Breathing rate increases, 12–16 at rest to 60–70 during high intensity training session Depth of breathing, & tidal volume, increases Minute ventilation increases as result of tidal volume & respiratory rate increases due to exercise Respiratory muscles controlling inspiration & expiration work harder, (diaphragm, intercostal, scalenes, sternocleidomastoid) Gaseous exchange rates increase to deliver oxygen to working muscle & remove CO2 & lactic acid MR BDG