science 1

gases

The modern concept of the Atom was conceived by John Dalton (1766 - 1844) He believed that the atom was the smallest particle that could not be divided any further. The term “Atom” comes from Ancient Greek that means “Uncuttable”

The three main components of the Atom are Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons

Protons are positively charged Neutrons have no charge Electrons are negatively charged

The Nucleus of the Atom is composed of Protons and Neutrons, while Electrons surround the Nucleus

Particle Theory is a list of rules that govern the material universe

All Matter is composed of Particles (i.e. Atoms) • Particles are in Constant Motion • There are forces of attraction among Particles

The Mass of an Atom changes with Speed As the Speed of an atom increases, its Mass increases When identifying the mass of an element on the Periodic Table of Elements, the mass of the particles of the element are based on the atoms staying at rest

The Atomic Number represents the number of Protons that exist in the atom The Atomic Weight represents the number of Protons and Neutrons in the Nucleus

Quarks are subatomic particles that help create Protons and Neutrons The two main Quarks that make up Protons and Neutrons are the Up Quark and the Down Quark

of 3 Quarks

The Up Quark has a charge of (+⅔) and the Down Quark has a charge of (-⅓) Protons = (+⅔) + (+⅔) + (-⅓) = 1 Neutrons = (+⅔) + (-⅓) + (-⅓) = 0

The Charm Quark (+⅔) and the Strange Quark (-⅓) are heavier versions of the Up and Down Quarks The Top Quark (+⅔) and the Bottom Quark (-⅓) are the heaviest versions of the Up and Down Quarks

The Second and Third Generation Quarks are very unstable and quickly decay into the First Generation Quarks

Leptons are particles that do not have to bind with each other, unlike Quarks The Electron is the most well known Lepton with a negative charge

Muons and Tau(ons) are heavier versions of the Electron and both have a negative charge

4; Gravity, Electromagnetism, the Strong force and the Weak force.

Muons are found in the Cosmic Rays that radiate throughout the universe

• the weakest Fundamental force • Acts upon any object with mass • Greater mass = greater gravitational pull on SMALLER objects

Tau(ons) are the most unstable version of the Electron, and was only discovered through Particle Accelerator Experiments

Neutrinos and have a Neutral Charge

• another Fundamental Force • uses opposite particle charges to create bonds that keep materials together • Also creates waves of energy ranging from GAMMA RAYS to RADIO WAVES

• 3rd Fundamental Force • Binds Quarks together in Protons and Neutrons, forcing the Atom’s Nucleus to stay together • Strong Force manifests/is found in GLUON PARTICLES that bind Quarks • with force, the binds may be broken, and the Strong Force is released as a Nuclear Explosion

• 4th Fundamental Force • Responsible for the Radioactive decay of Atoms • As an atom decays, its subatomic particles may change, which releases Radiation in the process • Nuclear Fusion needs the Weak Force to help create new atoms, which is why Stars will often release Radiation energy