Motor and Psychological rehab
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Describe the findings of Takeuchi and Izumi (2012)
A study into non invasive brain stimulation. (NIBS) Stroke and NIBS rehab Found that: - The mechanism of neuro rehab rely on neuroplasticity Neuroplasticity is the process where the brain develops new neuronal interconnections - NIBS alters brain cortex excitability NIBS can facilitate motor learning by directly and indirectly increasing the excitability of the ipsilateral motor cortex - which is required for motor learning.
Define interhemispheric competition model
Motor deficits in stroke patients are due to reduced output from the affected hemisphere and excessive interhemisphere inhibition from the unaffected hemisphere to the affected hemisphere.
Bologini et al 2011
found combination of the constraint induced therapy and NIBS to be effective in post stroke patients
Define Neuroplasticity
brain plasticity refers to the brains ability to change and adapt to/ because of an experience
Functional Recovery
The transfer of functions from a damaged area of the brain after trauma to other undamaged areas
Neuronal unmasking
dormant synapses - which are not received enough input to be active open connections to compensate for nearby damaged area of the brain.
Maguire et al 2010
Found increased grey matter in the brains of taxi drivers compared to controls - in 2 brain regions the right and left hippocampi. Hippocampus = facilitate spatial memory in the form of navigation. Therefore this study provides evidence for brain plasticity. Experience can change the structure of the brain.
What is a stroke?
rapid onset of neurological deficit which is the result of vascular lesion usually linked to infarction.
What did Geddes 1996 find:
Even after 5 years 25% of stroke survivors report continued difficulty using their paretic arm - example of long term dependency.
What were the main findings of Jonsdottir et al 2010.
A task-oriented BFB treatment was effective in increasing peak ankle power, gait velocity, and stride length in a population with hemiparesis. Studied the effects of task orientated bio feedback in 20 stroke patients
Shea and Morgan 1979
Looked into the use of blocked and random practice. Found that random practice was better for skill retention whereas blocked practice was best for skill acquisition. However this was not in patients with cognitive difficulty so cannot be assumed to be the same in stroke / SCI patients
Minor et al (1989)
Efficacy of physical conditioning exercise in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. 120 patients Aerobic walking vs aerobic aquatics vs non aerobic range of motion. Sig. improvements for aerobic groups in aerobic capacity walking time and decreases in depression and anxiety.
Ettinger et al 1997
Aerobic exercise vs resistance exercise vs heath education program in older adults with knee arthritis 365 patients Aerobic > resistance > education in terms of self report meaasures physical measures (walk time, stair climb, lift and carry time No difference in x ray scores However these were self report measures.