5. Electrons and Bonding
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What is the electron configuration of Chromium, Cr?
1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s1, 3d5
What is the electron configuration of Copper, Cu?
1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s1, 3d10
Which shell fills first? 4s or 3d?
4s fills and empties before 3d 4s is a lower energy shell so fills first
How do electrons pair?
with opposite spin
How to you draw electrons in an energy level diagram?
1 arrow pointing up, 1 pointing down fill all boxes singly first then come back and pair
What does it mean if something is in the s block?
its highest energy electrons are in the s sub-shell
What are the properties of ionic compounds?
high melting + boiling points tend to dissolve in water + polar solvents conduct electricity only as a liquid or solution
Which energy shells fill first?
lower energy shells
Define an ionic bond
the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions
Define a covalent bond
the electrostatic attraction between the negatively charged bonding pair of electrons and the positive nuclei of the atoms involved
In which directions do ions attract each other? What does this mean for ionic compounds?
attract in all directions and 3 dimensions allows a giant lattice structure containing billions of molecules to form
Where is the attraction in a covalent bond?
it is localised solely between the shared pair and the nuclei
Define a double/triple covalent bond
the electrostatic attraction between the 2/3 shared pairs of electrons and the nuclei of the atoms involved
Define a dative (coordinate) covalent bond
a covalent bond in which the shared pair of electrons has been supplied by 1 of the bonding atoms only
What was a dative bond before it became a bond?
a lone pair
How do you show a dative bond on a dot cross diagram?
an arrow going from the donating atom to the receiving atom
What is average bond enthalpy?
a measure of covalent bond strength
How many electrons are there in the fourth shell?
32 (2 in s shell, 6 in p shell, 10 in d shell and 14 in f shell) (2n^2)
How many p orbitals from each shell in n=2 contain?
3 therefore 6 electrons
How many d/f orbitals from each shell in n=3/4 contain?
5 and 7 therefore 10 and 14 electrons