Lecture 4 : Translation
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What is an upstream enhancer?
Closer to the 5’ end than the promoter, upstream from promoter, provides binding site for transcription factors enhancing RNA polymerase action
Whole thing
UTR = Untranscribed region
For understanding
What are TATA boxes, CCAAT boxes and GC boxes?
They are part of the PROMOTER and are binding sites for transcriptional factors and RNA polymerases
For more understanding of UTRs and start codons etc
What are ribosomes?
• Site of translation of mRNA • 2 subunits (large and small, 60s and 40s)
What is tRNA?
Brings amino acids to the ribosomes during translation to be assembled into polypeptide chains
How is an amino acid added to an RNA
Enzyme Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase adds correct amino acid to its tRNA, in a process called AMINOACYLATION or ‘CHARGING’ 20 amino acids, so 20 aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases
Visualisation of how aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase binds amino acids and tRNA
How is translation terminated?
Stop codon reached, release factor reads triplet and polypeptide synthesis finishes. Polypeptide released from tRNA, tRNA releases from ribosome, and 2 ribosomal subunits separate from mRNA
Polysomes
When proteins need to be produced quickly
Summary initiation of translation
Termination of Translation Summary
