7 equilibrium
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what does the one way arrow in reactions mean
the reaction goes to completion
what does the two way arrow in reactions mean
that they dont go to completion, are reversible and are at equilibrium.
four key characteristics of equilibrium
the forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate. the concentrations of reactants and products at equilibrium are constant equilibrium requires a closed system there is no change in macroscopic properties
the forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate
dynamic equilibrium - the reaction has not stopped. reactants continuously being changed to products and products continuously changed back into reactants.
equilibrium requires a closed system
reactants or products cannot escape from the reaction vessel.
there is no change in macroscopic properties
no change in colour, pressure, pH, concentration.
example of a reversible reaction
haber process
if the ΔH is negative what does it mean
exothermic
le chatelier’s principle
a system at equilibrium will move to oppose a change made to it
if you raise the concentration of a reversible reaction what happens
equilibrium shifts to reduce the increased concentration
if you raise the pressure of a reversible reaction what happens
equilibrium shifts to reduce the increased pressure (towards the side with fewest moles)
if you raise the temp of a reversible reaction what happens
equilibrium shifts to oppose increase (endo direction)
if you add a catalsyt to a revesible reaction what happens
no change to equilibrium increase rate
how to form a multi step reaction
sum equations together cancel
if these are the equations then what is the overall kc equation A + 2B <=> C + D C + E <=> F
A + 2B + E <=> D + F D F = ------------------------------------------ A B^2 E