Population Week 2
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Demography
The study of human populations and population trends
Immigration
The movement of people into a country or region from another country or region. Immigration is specifically used to indicate people arriving at the country being discussed. One immigrated TO a nation.
Emigration
The movement of people out of a country or region. Emigration is specifically used to indicate people leaving the country in question. One emigrates FROM a nation.
Crude birth rate (CBR)
The number of births per 1,000 individuals per year. Formula: (# of births per year / total population) x 1000
Crude death rate (CDR)
The number of deaths per 1,000 individuals per year. Formula: (# of deaths per year / total population) x 1000
Net migration rate
The difference between immigration and emigration in a given year per 1,000 people in a country
Life expectancy
The average number of years a person born in a particular year can be expected to live. Factors that can influence life expectancy include access to quality medical care, access to good sources of nutrition and clean water, laws and regulations protecting workers, access to to quality sanitation, and education opportunities.
Infant mortality
the number of deaths of children under 1 year of age per 1,000 live births. Factors influencing infant mortality including access to quality healthcare, and poor and insufficient nutrition.
Child mortality
The number of deaths of children under 5 per 1,000 live births
Environmental justice
The study of the disproportionate exposure to environmental hazards experienced by people of color, recent immigrants and people of lower socioeconomic backgrounds; and is both an academic field and. a social movement
Age structure diagram
A visual representation of the number of individuals within specific age groups for a country, typically expressed for males and females
Population pyramid
An age structure diagram that is widest at the bottom and smallest at the top, typical of developing countries
Developing countries
Countries with relatively low levels of industrialization and income
Developed countries
Countries that have relatively high levels of industrialization and income
Total fertility rate (TFR)
An estimate of the average number of children that each woman in a population will bear throughout her childbearing years. TFR can be affected by the age at which females have their first child, education and employment opportunities for women, access to family planning, government policies, importance of children in the workforce, cost of raising and educating children, urbanization, and religious beliefs, traditions, and cultural norms.
Family planning
The regulation of the number or spacing of offspring through the use of birth control
Replacement-level fertility
The number of children a couple must produce to replace themselves. Populations that are at replacement fertility are considered stable (not growing or shrinking)
Doubling time
The number of years it takes a population to double
Rule of 70
A method which dictates that by dividing the number 70 by the percentage population growth rate we can determine a population’s doubling time. Formula: doubling time (years) = 70 / growth rate(%)
Theory of demographic transition
A theory that states that a country moves from high to lower birth and death rates as development occurs and that country moves from preindustrial to an industrialized economic system
Birth rate
Formula: # of births per year / total population
Death rate
Formula: # of deaths per year / total population
Population density
Formula: population / area
National growth rate
Formula: (CBR + immigration) - (CDR + emmigration) / 10