polymers

long chain molecules made of lots of small molecules joined together by covalent bonds

small molecules that join together to form polymers

the formation of longchain molecules from lots of small molecules joining together with no other products formed. unsaturated monomers of the same type (?) (have C=C; alkenes) react to form a polymer

formation of longchain molecules by the condensation reactions between many monomers. two different types of molecule(?) join together and release a small molecule (if reaction not polymerisation then modulate answer)

chemically inert and non biodegradable this is because they are nonpolar so unreactive and not susceptible to attack by nucleophiles many strong and nonpolar CC and CH bonds

polyethene PVC - rigid used for guttering, window frames; plasticised used for clothing and wire insulation polypropene

without the n and brackets with the n AND brackets

because they have non-polar bonds (so non biodegradable) they have VdW forces between molecules

they have polar bonds in their chains so they could have permanent D-D interactions unless polar bonds cancel out i supporse could have H bonding eg polyamides because H bonded to very electronegative atom of N (,O, or F). h bonding due to polarity of NH bonds within molecules. so polyamide bp > polyester bp because h bonding > dd

STRONG NONPOLAR non biodegradable; unreactive no D-D interactions, have VdW as strongest IMF between molecules these strong bonds aren’t just the ch bonds

POLAR bonds in their chains so they can be attacked by nucleophiles ad broken down by hydrolysis reactions. they are biodegradable (but is slow) have dd or h bonding as strongest imfs their biodegradability is good because it prevents build up of waste in landfill and they can be broken down by natural processes

type of decomposition reaction where a molecule is broken down into components by adding water. water is a reactant polyesters and polyamides can be hydrolysed by acid and alkali. In both monomers are reformed. in the acid hydrolysis diamines are protonated and form ionic bonds. in the alkali hydrolysis the dicarboxylic acid monomers form dicarboxylate ion salts • _Acid hydrolysis of polyesters_ involves breaking down the polymer chains using water in the presence of a strong acid, resulting in the formation of the original diol and dicarboxylic acid monomers. • _Acid hydrolysis of polyamides_ involves breaking down the amide linkages in the polymer chain using water and a catalyst, typically an acid. This process leads to the formation of the original dicarboxylic acid and the ammonium salt of the diamine. because it’s acidic conditions the diamines that formed the polyamide will be protonated (so nh3+ instead of nh2). then the anion from the acid will form ionic bonds • _the alkali hydrolysis of polyester_ forms diol and dicarboxylate salt with the cation from the strong base eg K+ from KOH • _the alkali hydrolysis of polyamides_ results in the formation of the cation salt of the dicarboxylic acid, and a diamine.

hydrolysis of esters or triglycerides ACID HYDROLYSIS - of esters is just the backwards reaction of the eqm. ester and water react to frm c acids and alcohol - of triglycerides forms glycerol and fatty acids ALKALINE HYDROLYSIS - of esters makes carboxylate salt and alcohol - of triglycerides is saponification. forms salts of fatty acids and glycerol. forms soap because hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions. must be boiled with excess metal hydroxide

they are organic molecules formed from c. reactions. reactions - dioic acids and diols (polyesters) - dioic acids and diamines (synthetic polyamides) - amino acids (polypeptides - biological polyamides)

polyesters or polyamides. polyesters have an ester linkage polyamides are polymers with -CONH- repeating bonds; an amide linkage. includes polypeptides (biological, cellular), or aliphatic polyamides (man made) or aromatic polyamides (man made)

c acid and alcohol. also forms water acyl chloride and alcohol. also forms HCl so for forming polyesters you have dioic acids with diols, or diacyl chlorides with diols

goes to completion esterification remember requires acid catalyst and is an equilibrium.

c acid and amine. also forms water acyl chloride and amine. also forms HCl so for making a polyamide you react a dioic acid with diamine, or diacyl chloride with diamine.

nylon. this is an aliphatic polyamide kevlar. this is an aromatic polyamide.

hexanedioic acid and 1,6 diaminohexane react to form nylon polymer and H2O 6,6 is the C chain length. Different length carbon chains produce different polyamides

polyamide made from 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid and 1,4-benzenediamine. Bullet proof vests, bc the strong h bonding due to polar bonds of N-H hold separate polymer chains in strong structure

terylene. monomers: made from ethanediol and 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid. t fabric is used in clothing and tire cords

n A + n B → ([-A-B-]n) + (n-1) C where ‘A’ and ‘B’ are monomers, ‘C’ is a small molecule, and ‘n’ is the number of repeating units in the polymer

identify f groups reacting have them react so have the middle linkage there and ready then on either side, whatever reacts, remove and leave dangling bond