scientific method
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what are 5 types of investigations
observations controlled experiments surveys trial and error case studies longitudinal studies
what is an observation
5 main senses - sight, smell, taste, touch, sound
what is an inference
suggested reason on why our observation happened
what is a controlled experiment
independent variable is changed while the dependent is measures
what is an independent variable
the thing you change
what is a dependent variable
the thing you measure
what is a hypothesis
a statement that can be tested by performing an experiment to see if it’s true or a null hypothesis
what are the 10 parts to an experimental design
• aim • intro • hypothesis • equipment list • diagram • procedure/method • results • graph • discussion • conclusion
what is data recorded in
table
what is data presented in
graph
what are the 7 steps of the scientific method
• recognise problem • collect information • hypothesis • experimental design • analyse data • conclusion • publication
where does the independent variable go on a table
first column
where does the independent variable go on a graph
X axis (bottom)
what are the 5 graphs
line, column, histogram, pie chart, scattergram
when are line graphs used
for continuous or numerical data
when are column graphs used
for discrete information
when are histograms used
for “ranges” of data
what is talked about in a discussion
patterns, trends, describe your graph and use numbers
what is “the holy trinity”
validate, accuracy, reliability
when is an experiment valid
• if you test the hypothesis/aim • control all variables except the independent • if all variables are controlled it is considered a “fair test”
how can you make an experiment more accurate
• use a mm ruler • use an experienced person to conduct the experiment • experimental error and systematic error
what is a systematic error
calibration of equipment/apparatus
what is an experimental error
reading data wrong/recording data wrong
what is reliability
• repetition of trials • repeating entire experiment • large sample size (50+) • consistent data w no outliers