Test 2: Ch 3 Continued
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What are the fat related substances?
Fat soluble vitamins Sterols Phospholipids
What is the essential fatty acid?
Linoleic
What are the fat soluble vitamins?
D E A and K
What are the sterols?
Cholesterol- animal fat Ergosterol- plant or vegetable fat
What are the phospholipids and know how to draw them.
Lecithin Cephalin Sphingomyelin *lecithin is a good natural emulsifier in foods *look at notes for drawing
What is hydrogenation?
Where H2 is added to double bonds in oils and they are converted to or toward a fat.
What is the equation for how a saturated fatty acid is formed?
Unsat FA + H2 + Ni(catalyst) + high heat + high pressure = Sat FA
What is a chemical with a hook on one end and a water molecule on the other, making it lipophilic and hydrophilic? What does this do to water and fat? What are examples?
Natural emulsifier Ties water and fat together to keep them from separating. Lecithin found in egg yolk Milk fat lobule membranes
What do organic acids do in foods? What acid is found in grapes, oranges/lemons, and apples?
They give tartness and slow bacterial growth. Tartaric acid, citric acid, and malic acid
Some foods are ___ to get organic acids produced to ___ the food. Give examples
Fermented, preserve. Lactic acid in cabbage- sauerkraut Acetic acid in apple juice- vinegar Lactic acid in milk- cheese
Know how to draw citric, malic, tartaric, acetic, and lactic acid.
Look in notes
What are the oxidants? What can they cause?
Air (oxygen) Sunlight Metals- copper, iron, nickel Off flavors
What are the antioxidants that are natural in foods?
Lecithin Vitamin E Sulphur containing amino acids like methionine
What are enzymes?
Chemical substances produced by living animal and plant cells that speed up or slow down reactions already in progress without themselves being changed or becoming part of the end products.
Enzymes are largely ___. Give an example. Enzymes are a ___.
Proteins- lobster contains enzymes Catalyst
Enzymes are more easily destroyed by ___ than ___ are.
Heat Bacteria
What are some of the enzymes?
Amylase- starch splitting Protease (pepsin)- protein splitting Lipase- fat splitting
What is the green color of spinach?
Chlorophyll
What is the orange in carrots?
Carotene
What is the red in tomatoes?
Lycopene
What is the yellow in corn?
Xanthophyll
What is the purple in grapes?
Anthocyanils
What is the red in meats?
Oxymyoglobin
What is it called when sugar is burned? Give example
Caramelization Maple syrup after boiling