Chapter 1 (scientist quiz)

• spontaneous generation - biogensis

• also called abiogenesis - the idea that cells can develop from non-living things

-the belief that living cells came from pre-existing living cells

• worked in ancient grease • used observation (no experiment) • spontaneous generation • comes directly from 4 elements (Earth, Fire, Water, Air)

• worked in Belgium • dirty shirt+wheat grains produced mice • spontaneous generation

• Italian scientist • used one of the first controlled experiments • jar A-rotting meat left uncovered in jar (maggots & flies appear) • jar B-rotting meat covered with cloth (nothing appear)

• English scientist • flask A-meat broth (non-living) is boiled for a short time (1 min) & left uncovered in a jar • turned cloudy • flask B-same process but seal with a cork • turned cloudy • spontaneous generation • poor seal or not born long enough?

• Itallian scientist • questioned Needham’s expiriment (boiling time, better glass seal) • flask A-meat broth (non-living) is boiled (1H) & glass sealed in a flask • turned cloudy • flask B-meat broth (non-living) boiled (1H) & glass sealed in a flask • remained clear • biogenesis • critics said by sealing the flask it eliminated a vital force

• French scientist • designed S-shaped flask • allowed air in but microorganisms settles in the bend • flask A-S-shaped glass kept upright • no organisms (clear) • flask B-S-shaped glass is tipped or broken • microorganisms (cloudy) • biogenesis settled debate • created a paradigm shift in science

• American scientists • placed water, methane, hydrogen & ammonia in a flask…representing ancient Earth’s ocean • ran electrical sparks through this mixture…representing ancient Earth’s atmosphere • from this non-living mixture they were able t produce amino acids- the building blocks for cells (life) • spontaneous generation

-the invention of the microscope was important in realizing that living cells come from other living cells & allowed for development of cell theory

Dutch eyeglass maker (1590)

• English scientist • built a compound microscope (double lens) 60x large • first person to apply the word “cell” to a living structure • observed dead cork cells • boxes looked like cubicles where monks prayed called cells

• Dutch scientist • built a single lens microscope • greater mag 270x • improved clarity & magnification because of better glass making & lens quality • first to discover microorganisms (animalcules) including bacteria • microorganism: single cell organism • pond water & wife’s teeth sample

• Scottish scientist • first to identify & name nucleus as part of the living cell • observed orchids

• German botanist - states all parts of plants are made of cells

• German zoologist - states all parts of animals are made of cells

• German biologist - cells are made of cytoplasm surrounded by a membrane

-developed a purple staining specimen to stain cells providing contrast

• developed final form of cell theory • 4 points 1. all living organisms are made up of 1 or more cells 2. cells are the basic units of structure & functions in all organisms 3. all cells come from pre-existing cells 4. in multicellular organisms the activity &health of the whole organism depends on the activity & health of the entire cell