B: Carbohydrates

• contain the elements C H O • general formula Cx(H2O)y

alpha-glucose —> Howarth projection

simple sugars are known as monosaccharides carbon atom number 1 known as anomer –> originally part of the aldehyde group

• Disaccharides are formed when monosaccharides combine in a condensation reaction • water molecule will be eliminated in the process • 1,4 glycosidic link formed

• starch is used as carbohydrates storage in plants • glycogen is used as carbohydrate storage in humans • cellulose is used as structural material in plants and as dietary fibers as part of a balanced diet

• Immediate supply of energy –> glucose • Starch in plants –> reserve (short term) • Glycogen in animals (short term) • starting material for other complex materials

Respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP adenosine triphosphate Photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H2O —-> C6H12O6 + 6O2 light + chlorophyl • Cellulose is broken down by cellulase into glucose in animals • humans don’t have the enzyme –> still important as dietary fiber

Starch ——–> Simple sugars heat w/ dilute acid Benedicts solution - Test for reducing sugars Two processes • Partition - depends upon the solubility in the mobile + stationary phase • Adsorption - sticking to the stationary phase • Solvent is in the modile phase • Polar water molecules –> stationary phase