11.4 - Isomerism
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What are isomers? What are the 2 main groups of isomers?
Compounds that have the same molecular formula but are different molecules Structural isomers = molecules with the same molecular formula but a different structure Stereoisomers = molecules with the same structure but a different spatial arrangement of atoms
What are the 3 structural isomers and definitions?
Chain isomers = different number for the carbon chain Position isomers = functional groups can be in different positions on the carbon chain resulting in isomers Functional group isomers = same molecular formulae but contain different functional groups
Which functional group changes in a compound to form the isomer of an alkene?
Changes from an alkene group to a cycloalkane E.g. butene -> cyclobutane (C4H8)
Which functional group changes in a compound to form the isomer of an aldehyde?
Changes to a ketone E.g. propanal -> propone (C3H6O)
Which functional group changes in a compound to form the isomer of an carboxylic acid?
Changes to an ester E.g. ethanoic acid -> methyl methanoate NOT A POSITION ISOMER! As for it to be carboxylic acid the functional group needs to be on the end and for an ester it is always in the middle
Which functional group changes in a compound to form the isomer of an alcohol?
Changes to an ether E.g. propan - 1 - ol -> an ether… (C3H8O)
What is an E isomer?
The highest priority group on each carbon atom is on opposite sides
What is a Z isomer?
The highest priority group on each carbon is on the same side
What is cis/trans isomerism?
Type of E/Z isomerism where the two substituent groups are the same Cis = the two groups are on the same side Trans = the two groups are on opposite sides
How do you find which is an E/Z isomer?
• Look at the 2 carbons in the carbon bond Ensure the groups on one side of each carbon are different • One with higher atomic mass is the group you care about • Look to see if they are on the same or opposite sides
What are the conditions for being an E/Z isomer?
• must have a double bond: restricted rotation around planar • must be different groups on each carbon