A5 Equilibria incomplete
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Define the term dynamic equilibrium
dynamic equilibrium exists in a closed system when the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction and the concentrations of reactants and products do not change
What is Le Chatelier’s principle?
if a reaction at equilibrium is disturbed, the position of the equilibrium moves to counteract the distance
What is the effect of a catalyst in an equilibrium?
increases the rate of both forward and reverse reactions in an equilibrium by the same amount, resulting in an unchanged equilibrium position
Define the term equilibrium.
rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction no change is observed in the reaction mixture
Define the term closed system
there is no exchange of matter or energy between the system and its surroundings
Define the term heterogenous equilibrium.
reactants and products are in different phases (states)
Define the term homogenous equilibrium.
reactants and products are in the same phase (states)
What are the conditions that affect an equilibrium?
temperature pressure concentration
What affect does increasing temperature have on equilibrium position?
equilibrium shifts to oppose the increase in temperature so shifts in the endothermic direction
What affect does decreasing temperature have on equilibrium position?
equilibrium shifts to oppose the decrease in temperature so shifts in the exothermic direction
What affect does increasing pressure have on equilibrium position?
equilibrium position shifts to oppose the increase in pressure so shifts to the side with fewer moles of gas
What affect does decreasing pressure have on equilibrium position?
equilibrium position shifts to oppose the decrease in pressure so shifts to the side with more moles of gas
What affect does increasing concentration have on equilibrium position?
equilibrium position shifts to oppose the increase in concentration so shifts in the direction to use up the added substance
What affect does decreasing concentration have on equilibrium position?
equilibrium position shifts to oppose the decrease in concentration so shifts in the direction to create more of the substance that was removed
What is the equation for Kc?
Kc = [C]^c[D]^d / [A]^a[B]b prodcucts/reactants
What do the square brackets show in the Kc equation?
the square brackets show concentrations in mol dm-3
What is Kc called?
equilibrium constant
What does the value of Kc tell us?
large Kc greater than 1 products are “favoured”; equilibrium lies to the right small Kc less than 1 reactants are “favoured”; equilibrium lies to the left the larger the value for the Kc, the more the reaction goes to completion
Define the term mole fraction.
Define the term partial pressure