Media

How political preferences, behaviours, and actions are transmitted to the public. *information flow & exchange * link between citizens & politics

Constant information flow about certain topics

• Objective: how the event happened • Subjective: the event is explained based on how is perceived by government & citizens • Constructed: the event covered by the media

• Reinforcement Strengthening views Polarised environment since people avoid cognitive dissonance • Framing Event narration, emphasises certain aspects to get reactions • Agenda Setting The media influencing what people discuss (2nd dimension of pwr) • Priming Influencing beyond the story

• Power prevailing over: whoever controls media, controls politics • Controlling preferences: people’s actions and thoughts being controlled by media information influencing the political landscape • Shaping preferences: government propaganda and disseminated through the media

· free flow · multiple channels · certain control to maintain accountability

· restricted flow · one channel · full control 1. Dissociation, building a parallel reality 2. Strengthen and support the government’s legitimacy by projecting power & security 3. Is a tool for political distortion & societal control

· restricted flow · multiple but manipulated channels · full control

• Controlling: news flow • Stability: boosting the regime’s legitimacy • Discredit: limit opposition’s voice by publishing fake news • Underminining: other kinds of political regimes to increase power

A way for AR to surveil domestic technologies through the control and creation of media domination and national networks.

19th Century: first time presenting political information on newspapers · increased literacy rate · mass communication 20th Century 1. 1920s: short-wave radio allowed international communication 2. 1930s: radio broadcasting · The voice matters (FDR’s fireside chats increased legitimacy) 3. 1950s-90s: satellite and TV retransmitssion · The image matters (Kennedy-Nixon & Bush-Clinton debates) · 24h news 4. 2000s: decline in newspapers · Information is reached through phones 5. 2010s: social media

• Interaction • Fragmentation: different views and channels • Commercialisation: sponsorship & media monopoly • Globalisation: higher information flow due to less state control

· There is more manipulation of what people watch and know. · Increases the divide between the urban and the rural as well as between the young and the old. · Not everyone has access to the same information which increases tensions regarding true knowledge.

· It undermines democratic values since media doesn’t go hand in hand with political freedom. · threatens pluralism · less editorial independence · media is tied to corporation’s interests

the model highlighting what and how it is conveyed 1. what is the message & purpose 2. who is the sender 3. who is the audience 4. how is the message conveyed 5 what is the impact on political behaviour

• Interactivity • More political debate • More political participation • More information available • Direct communication

• Extremist views & conspiracies • Misinformation • Corrupt media • Little contrasting opinions • Too many sources

Populist leaders are less likely to interact with the media. But when interacting: 1. divert public opinion from sensitive issues 2. little response to mentions 3. reinforce echo chambers 4. little interaction to prevent party threats

The phenomenon by which ideas circulate inside a closed system, and users seek out only those sources of information that confirm or amplify their values.