C12 Chemical Analysis

• A substance made up of • a single element or compound

• A pure substance has one very specific m.b.p temperature • An impure substance changes state at a range of tempratures

• A substance that has had nothing added to it • in its “natural state”

only one type of atom

• Two or more • different • elements/atoms chemically bonded

Single particle of an element

• Two or more atoms • same or different • Chemically bonded

• different particles • not chemically bonded

• A mixture • that is designed as a useful product

• Alloys • Jewlery • stainless steel –> cutlery • NPK fertalisers • Medicines • Cleaning agents • food + drink • paints

• each chemical has been added in carefully measured amounts • each chemical has a specific purpose

To understated what an ink or food colour is made from

• On the bottom of paper draw a line in pencil • dot the test things (ink/foodcolour) on the line • Place in a beaker with a solute • Make sure the pencil line is above the solute • Wait util the solute has travelled up to nearly the top (1cm away from top)

• As mobile phase moves up the stationary • the chemical in the ink moves at different speeds • causing seperation

• moves • chemical must be soluble in it • ethanol –> must use lid as it will evaporate

• doesn’t move • attracts certain chemical • usually paper

• Pure will be one dot • Impure will be multiple as many inks will seperate out

Furthest • Least attracted to paper • Most attracted to mobile phase Least • Most attracted to stationary phase • least soluble in solvent

• A value used to identify the compound • compare the known Rf value to what your compund travelled

Distance travlled by component/distance travelled by solvent • Will always be less than one

• Lighted splint • squeaky pop • hydrogen is explosive so ‘pop’ is a mini explosion

• glowing splint • relights • concentration of O2 is higher so the splint relights faster

• Bubbles though limewater • Cloudy • When reacted a precipitate is formed • calcium carbonate

• damp blue litmus paper • white (bleached) • Chlorine is a bleach