Cardiovascular Fitness
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Determinants of Endurance Performance POSH MAMT speed, blood, heart, muscles
Pacing Oxidative enzyme activity Stroke volume Haemoglobin mass Muscle capillary density Maximal heart rate % type I muscle fibres Anthropometry and elasticity
Fick Equation VO2
VO2 = Cardac Output * AV O2 Differemnce
Cardiac Output Equation
Heart rate = HR * SV
Cardiac Output
Amount of bloood pumped by the heart each minute
a-vO2 Difference what does it represent
Calculated as the difference between the O2 content of arterial and venous blood. Represents the amount of 02 extracted from the blood for delivery to working muscles.
Frank Starling Mechanism movement
An enhanced vernous return as a result of limb movement
Vasodialation
The relaxtion of blood vessels to allow more blood flow toward the muscles Increase in the size of the lumen (vessels)
Vasoconstriction
Blood vessels constrict in less important areas
Chronic adpatations to endurance training
Lower Heart Rate, Greater Stroke Volume, Artery Function, Heart adaptations and more
Chronic adpatations to endurance training: Lower Heart rate
Lower resting HR = higher parasypmathetic tone and myocardial contractility Lower HR during exercise during exercise at a given intensity Can last longer
Chronic adpatations to endurance training: Greater Stroke Volume
Increase in venous return Increase diastolic filling ,pre blood ejaculted per beat Allows for a lower resting HR
Chronic adpatations to endurance training: Heart Adaptations
Left ventricle is bigger Increased endiastoic filling Can fil faster per contraction Greaater contaction strength
Chronic adpatations to endurance training: Artery Funvtion
Greater artery size and thickness Newbies might already have fubctuional differences but verterans tend to have more of these
How to conduct flow mediated dialation Place, Measure, Inflate, release, measure what are you measuring
• Place ultrasound probe at brachial artery • Measure baseline brachial artery diameter • Inflate cuff (~5 min), reducing blood flow • Release cuff restoring flow • Measure brachial artery diameter after endothelium releases vasodilators
Chronic adpatations to endurance training: Other think about the heart
Increase haemoglibn mass Greater lactate tolerance and muscle buffering capacity Increased musce capillary density Increased oxidative enzyme activity and mitochondria density
Heart Rate Zones
(Moderate) Zone 1: Recovery Zone 2: Endurance Heavy Zone 3: Threshold Severe - Extreme Zone 4: VO2 Max Zone 5: Anaerobic
Consequence of the applications
(Decrease) HR at given speed (Increase) Lactate threshold and lactate turn point (run faster before metabolite accumulation)
Specificity & Reversibility within Cardiovacular fitness
Changes that result from endurance training occur at different rates as do subsequent changes that result from de-training A range of factors influence the degree of adaptive response: initial fitness level, training intensity, frequency and duration.