endocrine system
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hormonal stimuli of endocrine glands
most common stimuli endocrine glands activated by other hormones (eg anterior pituitary gland)
humour stimuli of endocrine glands
changing blood levels of certain ions stimulate hormone humoral indicates various body fluids such as blood and bile
neural stimuli of endocrine glands
nerve impulses stimulate hormone release most are under control of the sympathetic nervous system
endocrine dysfunction
the system can fail can be from genetic disease or lifestyle
developmental aspects of endocrine system
most organs operate smoothly until old age • menopause from lack of ovary efficiency • reduced oestrogen problems common
developmental aspects of endocrine system
most organs operate smoothly until old age • menopause from lack of ovary efficiency • reduced oestrogen problems common
diabetes mellitus
abnormally high glucose (hyperglycaemia) caused either by lack of insulin production or cells insulin receptors not responding to insulin
type one diabetes; what is it?
‘insulin dependent’ diabetes caused by immune system malfunctioning and destroying Beta Cells in the islets of Langerhan of pancreas BUT: persons cells normally still respond to insulin
type 2 diabetes; what is it?
‘adult onset’ diabetes 85% of diabetes have type 2 person produces insulin but doesn’t respond to it lifestyle , ITS PREVENTABLE
endocrine system controls…
• Reproduction • Growth and development • Mobilization of body defenses • Maintenance of homeostasis with Nervous System • Regulation of metabolism
exocrine glad
secrete fluid into a duct which carries it to a duct which carries is to the body’s surface or into a body cavity
endocrine gland
secrete hormones into extracellular fluid, these will diffuse into a blood capillary to be transported to target cells
hormone functions
Activate genes in nucleus Change shape or structure of enzyme Change rate of production of enzyme or
protein and amine hormone
Attach to receptor protein in membrane of target cell • Release of 2nd messenger • Diffuse through cell and activate enzymes • Change activity or concentration • Changes activity of cell
Steroid Hormone
Enter target cell and combine with receptor protein inside cell - Mitochondria or nucleus -> hormone receptor complex activates genes Changes functioning of cell by changing type or quantity of proteins powered
hormone regulation
Nervous system releases factors from hypothalamus which regulate function of pituitary gland • Releasing factors: stimulate release of hormones • Inhibiting factors: slow secretion of hormones
hormone basics
Hormones are produced by specialised cells Cells secrete hormones into extracellular fluids Blood transfers hormones to target sites These hormones regulate activity of other cells Target cells must have specific protein receptors